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[111] Havens,Nishi Amane and Modern Japanese Thought,192-93;Hackett,“Nishi Amane—A Tokugawa-Meiji Bureaucrat,” 217.
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[112] Havens,Nishi Amane and Modern Japanese Thought,207.
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[113] Hackett,“Nishi Amane—A Tokugawa-Meiji Bureaucrat,” 221.
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[114] Havens,Nishi Amane and Modern Japanese Thought,195.
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[115] Hackett,“Nishi Amane—A Tokugawa-Meiji Bureaucrat,” 220-21(这些引语来自西周在1878年至1881年发表的演讲,这些演讲后来在陆军报纸上连载)。
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[116] Piovesana,“The Beginnings of Western Philosophy in Japan,” 295-306,299-300.
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[117] 据报道,这个短语是由德国军事顾问克雷门斯·威尔海姆·雅各布·梅克尔(Klemens Wilhelm Jakob Meckel)少校发明的。他于1885年被请到日本帮助实现军队现代化。他将朝鲜半岛描述为“一把插向日本心脏的匕首”。参见 James L. McClain,Japan:A Modern History (New York:W. W. Norton,2002),296。日本人最初是从法国人那里寻求军事现代化建议的。但是,法国在普法战争中战败后,他们转向冲突胜利方德国求助。明治政府于1885年将梅克尔请到了日本,在那里,他协助日本军队进行了结构性改革,为后来日本帝国军队战胜中国和俄国铺平了道路。参见Marius B. Jansen,The Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge:Belknap Press of Harvard University,2002),396-97;Joachim Burgschwentner,Matthias Egger,and Gunda Barth-Scalmani,eds.,Other Fronts,Other Wars?First World War Studies on the Eve of the Centennial (Leiden:Brill,2014),135;D. Eleanor Westney,Imitation and Innovation:The Transfer of Western Organizational Patterns to Meiji Japan (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1987),40-100。
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[118] Hackett,“Nishi Amane—A Tokugawa-Meiji Bureaucrat,” 224;Havens,Nishi Amane,196,200-201.
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[119] Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,49,51.
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[120] Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,51. 更多关于19世纪70年代日本和朝鲜关系以及日朝战争原因的讨论,参见Marlene J. Mayo,“The Korean Crisis of 1873 and Early Meiji Foreign Policy,” Journal of Asian Studies,31 (1972):793-819;Donald Keane,Emperor of Japan:Meiji and His World,1852-1912 (New York:Columbia University Press,2002),229-62。
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[121] 该条约被称为《江华条约》(Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876),在朝鲜被称为《日朝修好条约》(Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity),在日本被称为《朝日修好条约》(Korean-Japanese Treaty of Amity),以及《江华岛条约》(Treaty of Ganghwa Island)。参见The Japanese-Korean Treaty,Japan-Korea,February 26,1876,in Korean Treaties,ed. Henry Chung (New York:H. S. Nichols Inc.,1919),205-9。
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[122] 基恩(Keane)对上述事件进行了一些细节描述。参见Keane,Emperor of Japan,249-62。
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[123] The Japanese-Korean Treaty,Japan-Korea,February 26,1876. 参见 Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,45-55。
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[124] The Japanese-Korean Treaty,Japan-Korea,February 26,1876. 参见 Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,54.
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[125] The Japanese-Korean Treaty,Japan-Korea,February 26,1876. 参见 Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,54.
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[126] Treaty of Ganghwa Island,February 26,1876,Art. 1,in Chung,ed.,Korean Treaties,205.
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[127] Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,54-55.
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[128] Frederick Foo Chien,The Opening of Korea:A Study of Chinese Diplomacy,1876-1885 (Hamden,CT:Shoe String Press,1967),63;Peter Duus,The Abacus and the Sword:The Japanese Penetration of Korea,1895-1910 (Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1995),49-51.
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[129] Convention of Tientsin (Tianjin),April 18,1885 in Treaties,Conventions,etc.Between China and Foreign States,Vol. 2 (Shanghai,1908),1316-17.
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[130] McClain,Japan,297.
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[131] 根据中方史料,在朝鲜政府未“呈文”清政府请派援兵之前,日本国内就已经盛传清政府“选派精兵三千名运往朝鲜”的谣言。——译者注
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[132] 关于中日双方出兵原因,国内外学界流传不同说法。根据中方史料,朝鲜政府正式请求清政府派遣援兵是在1894年6月3日,清政府决定派遣援兵是在6月4日,但日本在6月2日已召集内阁会议决定出兵朝鲜。另外,在清政府未决定派兵之前,6月3日日本驻朝使馆秘书、代理公使杉村浚曾会晤中国驻朝鲜商务代办袁世凯,当面表示盼望中国赶紧派兵代剿。——译者注
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[133] Duus,The Abacus and the Sword,49.
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[134] Duus,The Abacus and the Sword,29-102.
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[135] “The Declaration of War by Japan,” in Vladimir (pseud. for Zenone Volpicelli),The China-Japan War:Compiled from Japanese,Chinese,and Foreign Sources (New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1896),245;Sakuyei Takahashi,The Influence of Grotius in the Far East (Brooklyn,NY:Brooklyn Institute,1908),13.日文宣战书中使用了现在普遍使用的“kokusaiho-”一词,用以指代万国法或国际法。
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