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[136] 日本自1895年开始对朝鲜实施经济和军事统治,但直到1910年才吞并了这个国家。参见Treaty Between Japan and Korea (Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty),August 22,1910,in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 6,1910 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1915),682-83。随着《日韩合并条约》一道发布的声明解释说,日韩合并是必须的,因为“该国政府的现有系统已经证明其并非完全能够维持公共秩序和安定团结”。声明继续说,“为了维持朝鲜的和平稳定,促进朝鲜民族的繁荣富强,同时保证外国居民的安宁生活,这一切无比清晰地表明,对朝鲜政府政权做出根本性改变是绝对必要的”。参见Proclamation of Japan Annexing Korea,August 22,1910,in Supplement to the American Journal of International Law,Vol. 4 (New York:Baker,Voorhis & Co.,1910),280-82。
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[137] S. C. M. Paine,The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895:Perceptions,Power,and Primacy (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003),270[引自伊藤(Ito)伯爵]。
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[138] Treaty of Shimonoseki,April 17,1895,in Treaties,Conventions,etc. Between China and Foreign States,Vol. 2 (Shanghai,1908),1318-24. 这段历史是从美国视角来看待的。参见Senate Report No. 752,46th Cong.,3rd Sess. (January 13,1881)。谈判的一部分内容可以参阅Pei-Kai Cheng,Michael Lestz,and Jonathan Spence,eds.,The Search for Modern China:A Documentary Collection (New York:W. W. Norton,1999),172-77。事件的概述可以参阅Paine,The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,247-93。
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[139] 参见,例如William L. Langer,The Diplomacy of Imperialism,1890-1902 (New York:Alfred A. Knopf,1956),167-94。
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[140] Ernest Batson Price,The Russo-Japanese Treaties of 1907-1916 Concerning Manchuria and Mongolia (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1933),15.
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[141] Sino-Russian Railway Agreements,1896,in Cheng,Lestz,and Spence,eds.,The Search for Modern China,177-81.
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[142] Paine,The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,293.
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[143] Paine,The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,290.
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[144] Paine,The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,290-93.
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[145] 日本对俄国的宣战诏书在日本军队对旅顺口发起攻击(这也是后来指控日本非法发动战争的由来)几小时后送抵俄国沙皇手中,宣战书解释说:“俄国,不顾她对中国做出的庄严条约承诺,不顾她对其他大国反复做出的保证,依然占领东北且巩固和加强了对三个省份的控制,并且最终决心要将其吞并。而且,由于俄国吞并东北,朝鲜的完整性将不可能维持,并且也会迫使人们放弃远东地区所有的和平希望,因此,在这种情况下,我们决定通过谈判来解决问题,从而确保永久和平。然而,谈判失败了:她拒绝了日本政府的提议;朝鲜处于危险之中,日本帝国的切身利益受到威胁。我们未能通过和平谈判确保未来和平。我们现在只能诉诸武力。”参见 Declaration of War,February 10,1904,in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States,with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 6,1904 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1905),414。
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[146] The Treaty of Portsmouth,September 5,1905. 此外,萨哈林岛(Sakhalin Island)南部北纬50度线以南地区归还日本,而俄国保留北纬50度线北部地区。在1951年的《旧金山和约》(1951 Treaty of San Francisco)中,日本宣布放弃对萨哈林岛和附近的千岛群岛(Kuril Islands)的主权主张,但关于北海道的四个近海岛屿仍然存在主权争议。
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[147] 他就这一主题写了一部著作:Sakuye Takahashi,International Law Applied to the Russo-Japanese War (London:Steven & Sons,Ltd.,1908)。他在书的前言中写道,为“庆祝雨果·格劳秀斯诞辰325周年”而作。Sakuye Takahashi,International Law Applied to the Russo-Japanese War (London:Steven & Sons,Ltd.,1908),vi. 更多关于高桥的讨论,参见Fujio Ito,“One Hundred Years of International Law Studies in Japan,” Japanese Annual of International Law 13 (1969):23-27。
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[148] Takahashi,The Influence of Grotius in the Far East,12.
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[149] Takahashi,The Influence of Grotius in the Far East,13.
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[150] David J. Lu,Agony of Choice:Matsuoka Yosuke,and the Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire,1880-1946 (Lanham,MD:Lexington Books,2002),44;Masayoshi Noguchi and Trevor Boyns,“The South Manchuria Railway Company:An Accounting and Financial History,1907-1943,” Kobe University Discussion Paper Series (March 15,2013). 1915年,日本在向中国提出“二十一条”(“Twenty-one Demands”)后,进一步扩大了对中国的控制,此举导致日本在该地区的控制力得到极大增强。中国屈服的那一天在中国被称为“国耻日”(“National Humiliation Day”)。参见 Jansen,The Making of Modern Japan,515-16。
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[151] Sandra Wilson,The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society,1931-33 (New York:Routledge,2001),18-20. 关于从中国视角对该事件的叙述,可参见Whitewall Wang,Wanpaoshan Incident and the Anti-Chinese Riots in Korea (Nanking,China:International Relations Committee,1931)。
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[152] Wilson,The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society,18-20;Robert Ferrell,“The Mukden Incident:September 18-19,1931,” The Journal of Modern History 27,no. 1 (1955):66-72.
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[153] Ferrell,“The Mukden Incident,” 67.这被称为中村事件。也可参见Daniel B. Ramsdell,“The Nakamura Incident and the Japanese Foreign Office,” Journal of Asian Studies 25,no. 1 (1965):53-55。
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[154] Wilson,The Manchurian Crisis and Japanese Society,18-19;Ramsdell,“The Nakamura Incident and the Japanese Foreign Office,” 53-55;Louise Young,Japan’s Total Empire:Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism (Berkeley:University of California Press,1999),39.
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[155] Young,Japan’s Total Empire,39.
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[156] Shigeru Honjō,Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-De-Camp:The Honjō Diary,1933-36,trans. Mikiso Hane (Tokyo:University of Tokyo Press,1982),6.
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[157] Shigeru Honjō,Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-De-Camp:The Honjō Diary,1933-36,5-8,41-42.
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[158] 直到去世,本庄繁将军还坚持这些行动仅仅是出于防卫考虑。参见Shigeru Honjō,Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-De-Camp:The Honjō Diary,1933-36,7-8。目前还不清楚他是否在袭击之前就知道具体的计划,但他已经明确表达了要解决“满洲问题”的意图,并批准了将活动扩展到铁路沿线以外的计划。参见Shigeru Honjō,Emperor Hirohito and His Chief Aide-De-Camp:The Honjō Diary,1933-36,8-9。
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[159] League of Nations Special Assembly,Report of the League Assembly on the Manchurian Dispute (International Relations Committee,1933),4-5.
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[160]LNOJ,Vol. 12 (1931),2318. 除了应对国际联盟的公开声明和私下通信外,日本还针对这些指控准备了详细的回应。大部分材料参见日本驻国联代表团:Japanese Delegation to the League of Nations,The Manchurian Question:Japan’s Case in the Sino-Japanese Dispute as Presented Before the League of Nations (Geneva,1933)。
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