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[38] Sherwood,Roosevelt and Hopkins,442.
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[39] Irwin F. Gellman,Secret Affairs:Franklin Roosevelt,Cordell Hull,and Sumner Welles (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1995),272;Churchill,The Second World War:The Grand Alliance,590;604-5.
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[40] Churchill,The Second World War:The Grand Alliance,605.
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[41] “Declaration by the United Nations” (January 1,1942). 另外21个国家将会参战。
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[42] “Tripartite Pact,” September 27,1940.
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[43] “Tripartite Pact,” September 27,1940.
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[44] Memo,Hull to Roosevelt,December 22,1941,参见 Harley A. Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,1939-1945 (Washington,DC:U.S. Department of State,1950),63-65. 1942年2月12日,这个委员会第一次碰头。Robert Hildebrand,Dumbarton Oaks:The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press 1990),13,262 n. 16.
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[45] Welles,Seven Decisions That Shaped History,132-34;Dallek,Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy,149. 在隔离演讲之后,威尔斯私下里鼓励罗斯福召开一次“和平会议”,制定“基本准则”和“国际行为标准”。但当赫尔提出反对时,罗斯福就搁置此事,按下不提。Welles,Seven Decisions That Shaped History,132-34;Dallek,Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy,149.
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[46] Welles,Seven Decisions That Shaped History,132-34.威尔斯后来写道,第一夫人建议的不开放国际委员会的决定是一个可怕的错误,这是一个他公开批评总统的罕见例子。珍珠港事件发生后的第二年,美国的力量——军事力量和道德权威——达到了顶峰。当时,除其他事项外,苏联依赖《租借法案》为其提供武器,以便他们继续战斗。假如那时总统就战后政治和领土安排问题寻求达成一项牢固的协议,“难道我们的影响力不足以将这些安排控制在和平会议愿意接受的合法和公平的范围内吗?” Welles,Seven Decisions That Shaped History,141.如果谈判能早点结束,罗斯福也许就不会被迫做出后来在雅尔塔向斯大林做出的让步。1943年冬季过后,苏军迫使德军后撤,“谈判的最好时机已经丧失”。Welles,Seven Decisions That Shaped History,143.
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[47] Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,79.
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[48] 1942年2月12日,委员会召开首次会议,下设五个小组委员会,国际组织特别小组委员会只是其中一个。参见“Minutes of AC-1,Meeting of February 12,1942,” box 190,folder 5,SWP FDRL。时任美国副国务卿爱德华·斯特蒂纽斯在日记中明确表示,该委员会的工作为后来在第一次国际会议上讨论的草案打下基础,联合国便是在此基础上建立起来的,尽管当时科德尔·赫尔和萨姆纳·威尔斯已经离开了国务院。参见Thomas M. Campbell and George Herring,eds.,The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius,Jr.,1943-1946 (New York:New Viewpoints,1975),103。更多关于委员会组成的资料,参见 Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,73-74。
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[49] 更多关于鲍曼的资料,参见 Neil Smith,American Empire:Roosevelt’s Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley:University of California Press,2003);Geoffrey J. Martin,The Life and Thought of Isaiah Bowman (Hamden,CT:Archon Books,1980)。在被任命该职的时候,他正在约翰·霍普金斯大学担任校长。据报道,1942年,他每周在国务院待几天。1944年,他成为斯特蒂纽斯率领的伦敦代表团的一员,后来,他加入了前往敦巴顿橡树园参加会议的美国代表团,并在旧金山召开的联合国国际组织会议上担任美国代表团顾问。在这一时期,詹姆斯·肖特维尔是与他进行思想交锋(intellectual interlocutors)的主要对象之一。Martin,The Life and Thought of Isaiah Bowman,141-86.
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[50] Isaiah Bowman,The New World:Problems in Political Geography (Yonkers-on-Hudson,NY:World Book Co.,1921).
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[51] United States Attorney General,“Opinion on Exchange of Over-Age Destroyers for Naval and Air Bases,” American Journal of International Law 34,no. 4 (1940):728-36.
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[52] Charles Mee,Meeting at Potsdam (New York:M. Evans,1975),215. 也可参见 William Lasser,Benjamin V. Cohen:Architect of the New Deal (New Haven:Yale University Press,2002)。
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[53] Stephen C. Schlesinger,Act of Creation:The Founding of the United Nations:A Story of Superpowers,Secret Agents,Wartime Allies and Enemies,and Their Quest for a Peaceful World (Cambridge,MA:Westview Press,203),33-35.帕斯沃尔斯基的助手哈利·诺特(Harley Notter)担任他的研究秘书。参见Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,82,108。
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[54] Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,108.除了在国际组织特别小组委员会里任职外,肖特维尔还在最重要的战后外交政策咨询委员会(Advisory Committee on Post-war Foreign Policy)任职,Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,73,以及以下机构任职:政治问题小组委员会(the Subcommittee on Political Problems),Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,97;法律问题特别小组委员会(Special Subcommittee on Legal Problems)Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,114;安全问题小组委员会(the Subcomittee on Security Problems),Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,124。
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[55] “James T. Shotwell,Historian,90,Dies,” New York Times,July 17,1965.
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[56] 1942年7月17日,该团队召开第一次会议。“Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” JTS to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8,SWP FDRL.
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[57] “Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” JTS to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,4.
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[58] “Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” JTS to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,8.
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[59] “Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” JTS to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,8-9.
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[60] “Preliminary Draft by J.T.S. of Revision of Articles I-VII of the Covenant,for Discussion,” August 21,1942,box 189,folder 6,Document 20,SWP,FDRL.
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[61] “Preliminary Draft by J.T.S. of Revision of Articles I-VII of the Covenant,for Discussion,” August 21,1942,box 189,folder 6,Document 20,SWP,FDRL.,1.
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[62] “Preliminary Draft by J.T.S. of Revision of Articles I-VII of the Covenant,for Discussion,” August 21,1942,box 189,folder 6,Document 20,SWP,FDRL.,1-2.
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