打字猴:1.70291739e+09
1702917390
1702917391 [20] Rigdon,White House Sailor,138.
1702917392
1702917393 [21] 剩下留待解决的问题都很重要,但都不足以破坏成立联合国组织的计划。这些问题包括:应该给予哪些国家以该组织的初始成员国地位,是否应该规定领土托管,该组织应该设在哪里,如何结束国际联盟,以及为最终起草将建立新组织及其组成部分的法律文件做出安排。Memorandum to President Roosevelt,“Questions Left Unsettled at Dumbarton Oaks,” October 27,1944,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),45.
1702917394
1702917395 [22] Bohlen Minutes,February 4,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),574.
1702917396
1702917397 [23] Combined Chiefs of Staff Minutes,February 4,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),583.
1702917398
1702917399 [24] 参阅,例如 Joint Chiefs of State to the President,January 23,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),396-400。大体上参阅“Entry of the Soviet Union in the War Against Japan,” FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),361-400。
1702917400
1702917401 [25] 美国、英国和苏联在雅尔塔签署的一项协议规定:“苏联、美利坚合众国和英国三大国的领导人同意,在德国投降和欧洲战争结束后的两到三个月内,苏联将站在盟国一边对日本开战,条件是:……2.俄国因日本1904年背信弃义的进攻而受到侵犯的原有权利,应予以恢复,即(a)库页岛南部及其邻近岛屿应归还苏联……3.千岛群岛应移交给苏联。”参阅Agreement Regarding Entry of the Soviet Union Into the War Against Japan,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),984。第二次世界大战后,苏联占领了库页岛和千岛群岛,但对中国东北地区的主权主张却失败了。即使在今天,这些岛屿仍然是日本和俄罗斯之间争端的主题。
1702917402
1702917403 [26] 参见,例如Bohlen Minutes,February 5,1945,(The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),612,620-21。
1702917404
1702917405 [27] Bohlen Minutes,February 6,1945,(The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),669. 尽管不是雅尔塔会议讨论的主题,斯大林仍然顽固地坚持保留对波罗的海国家爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和立陶宛的控制权。毕竟,正是希特勒在《苏德互不侵犯条约》中承诺让苏联控制这些国家,才赢得了斯大林的忠诚(直到希特勒改变侵略路线,入侵苏联)。他不会因为盟国拒绝承认该协议的合法性而动摇自己的决心。毕竟,波罗的海国家并不需要繁荣,它们只需要承受住可能来自西方的新的打击即可。
1702917406
1702917407 [28] Memorandum,Soviet Foreign Policy,Acting Secretary of State (Grew) for the President,January 12,1945,ibid.,449-55.
1702917408
1702917409 [29] Bohlen Minutes,February 4,1945,(The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),589.
1702917410
1702917411 [30] Andrei Gromyko,Memories,trans. Harold Shukman (London:Hutchinson,1989),85.
1702917412
1702917413 [31] Bohlen Minutes,February 4,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),590.
1702917414
1702917415 [32] Arkady Vaksberg,Stalin’s Prosecutor:The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky (New York:Grove,1991)(quoting Sir Frank Roberts),252-53.
1702917416
1702917417 [33] Bohlen Minutes,February 4,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),590.
1702917418
1702917419 [34] Bohlen Minutes,February 4,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),590-91;Thomas M. Campbell and George C. Herring,eds.,The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius,Jr.,1943-1946 (New York:New Viewpoints,1975),241.
1702917420
1702917421 [35] Campbell and Herring eds.,The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius,Jr.,1943-1946,at 241.根据斯特蒂纽斯自己的说法,他后来帮助首相更好地理解了这个问题。Campbell and Herring eds.,The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius,Jr.,1943-1946,241-42.
1702917422
1702917423 [36] Bohlen Minutes,February 5,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),611-33.
1702917424
1702917425 [37] Bohlen Minutes,February 5,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),661.
1702917426
1702917427 [38] 在正在讨论的草案中,这些事项属于安全理事会第八章管辖范围(今天的第六章“和平解决争端”)。Bohlen Minutes,February 5,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),661.
1702917428
1702917429 [39] Churchill,Triumph and Tragedy,310. The account accords with the minutes of the meeting,Bohlen Minutes,February 6,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),665-66.
1702917430
1702917431 [40] Bohlen Minutes,February 6,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),666.
1702917432
1702917433 [41] Bohlen Minutes,February 6,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),711-13.
1702917434
1702917435 [42] Bohlen Minutes,February 6,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),712.
1702917436
1702917437 [43] Stephen Lehnstaedt,“The Minsk Experience:German Occupiers and Everyday Life in the Capital of Belarus,” in Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front,1941:Total War,Genocide and Radicalization,ed. Alex J. Kay,Jeff Rutherford,and David Stahel (Rochester,NY:University of Rochester Press,2012),240(据估计,白俄罗斯有160万人死亡,而其战前总人口为900万);Paul R. Magocsi,A History of Ukraine:The Land and Its People (Toronto:University of Toronto Press:1996),638(据估计,乌克兰有550万人死亡,占其总人口的15%);Timothy Snyder,Bloodlands:Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York:Basic Books,2010)。
1702917438
1702917439 [44] Memorandum of Decisions Reached at the Crimean Conference in the Matter of the Two Soviet Republics,March 19,1945,FRUS,1945 (The Conferences at Malta and Yalta),991-92. Both were admitted in 1945.
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