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[13] Robert Jackson,That Man:An Insider’s Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt,ed. John Q. Barrett (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003),103. 引用部分省略了这句话的开头:“该条约以及其他许多德国加入的条约”,这里的“该条约”指的是《非战公约》。
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[14] Robert Jackson,That Man:An Insider’s Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt,ed. John Q. Barrett (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003),103. 引用部分省略了这句话的开头:“该条约以及其他许多德国加入的条约”,这里的“该条约”指的是《非战公约》。
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[15] Lassa Oppenheim,International Law:A Treatise,Vol. 2,5th ed.,ed. Hersch Lauterpacht (London:Longmans,Green and Co.,1935),517. 这句话的引文是这样的:“参见 Stimson in Foreign Affairs (N.Y.),ii,Special Suppl.,No. 1,p. iv”,指的是阐述史汀生主义的那篇文章。
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[16] Hersch Lauterpacht,“Committee on Crimes Against International Public Order:Punishment of War Crimes,” n.d. 1942,OCLC No. 669764519:5-6.
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[17] 关于将侵略定为犯罪的思想发展情况的进一步讨论,参见 Kristen Sellars,“Crimes Against Peace” and International Law (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013)。
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[18] Antoine Prost and Jay Winter,Rene Cassin and Human Rights:From the Great War to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013),20-23.
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[19] “Penal Reconstruction and Development Proceedings of the Conference held in Cambridge on the 14th November,1941,Between Representatives of Nine Allied Countries and of the Department of Criminal Science in the University of Cambridge,” eds. L. Radzinowicz and J. W. C. Turner. Reprinted by permission from The Canadian Bar Review (March 1942):24.
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[20] “Penal Reconstruction and Development Proceedings of the Conference held in Cambridge on the 14th November,1941,Between Representatives of Nine Allied Countries and of the Department of Criminal Science in the University of Cambridge,” eds. L. Radzinowicz and J. W. C. Turner. Reprinted by permission from The Canadian Bar Review (March 1942):24.
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[21] 原文为“We did not hang the Kaiser”,根据语境,这里的“the Kaiser”指的是德国皇帝威廉二世(1859~1941),他是一战主要策划者和闪电战计划的创始人。迫于战败和国内的革命压力,1918年11月28日威廉二世退位,1941年在荷兰病逝。——译者注
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[22] Elbert D. Thomas,“What We Must Do with the War Criminals,” American Magazine,February 1943,91.
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[23] Elbert D. Thomas,“What We Must Do with the War Criminals,” American Magazine,February 1943,90.
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[24] Bertram D. Hullen,“Roosevelt Says U.S. Will Join in Investigation of Atrocities,” New York Times,October 8,1942.
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[25] Statement on Atrocities,The Moscow Conference,October 1943,Avalon Law Project,Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library,http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/moscow.asp.
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[26] 他们在1943年11月和12月的德黑兰会议上讨论了这个问题,但只是一带而过。斯大林曾提议将5万至10万名德军指挥官“彻底清算”。罗斯福开玩笑地回答说,也许“4万9千人”就够了。丘吉尔没听懂这个笑话,他反对“出于政治目的的处决”。Bohlen Minutes,November 29,1943,FRUS,1943 (The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran),552-55.
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[27] Sheldon Glueck,War Criminals:Their Prosecution and Punishment (New York:Alfred A. Knopf,1944),38.
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[28] Robert H. Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,United States Representative,to the International Conference on Military Trials (Washington,DC:U.S. Department of State,1949),295-97,335;IMT,Vol. 1,168-69.
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[29] 参见,例如 Lord Wright,“Introduction,” in United Nations War Crimes Commission,History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War (London:His Majesty’s Stationery Office,1948),10-18。
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[30] 参见第三章的讨论,pp. 74-81。
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[31] Treaty of Versailles,Art. 227. 有关德国皇帝在凡尔赛被传讯的争辩的详细历史,参见 James F. Willis,Prologue to Nuremberg:The Politics and Diplomacy of Punishing War Criminals of the First World War (Westport,CT:Greenwood,1982)。
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[32] Treaty of Versailles,Art. 227。
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[33] Willis,Prologue to Nuremberg,101-12.
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[34] 尽管施米特在他的备忘录《侵略战争的国际罪行与“法无明文不为罪,罪刑法定”(nullum crimen,nulla poena sine lege)原则》中提出了相反的主张,但他在为《国会纵火法令》辩护时还是提出了这些论点。参见Carl Schmitt,Writings on War,trans. and ed. Timothy Nunan (Cambridge,UK:Polity,2011),146(“对于欧洲大陆思维方式的法学家而言,不言而喻的是,只要案件的事实、肇事者、惩罚和法院都没有明确的措辞加以确定和限制,仅仅使用“犯罪”一词并不等于国际法中“法无明文不为罪,罪刑法定”原则意义上的惩罚”)。
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[35] Telford Taylor,“An approach to the preparation of the prosecution of Axis criminality,” June 2,1945,3:box 7,Record Group 238,U.S. Counsel for the Prosecution,Washington,Correspondence 1945-46,National Archives and Records Administration.
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[36] 参见“Bohuslav Ečer,” Encyklopedie dějin města Brna (2004),http://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home-mmb/?acc= profil osobnosti&load= 5794;“Bohuslav Ečer,” Věda a Vyzkum—Pravnicka Fakulta Masarykovy Univerzity,available at http://science.law.muni.cz/content/cs/vedecko-vyzkumna-cinnost/vav-minu lost/prvorepublikova-era/bohuslav-ecer/。
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[37] United Nations War Crimes Commission,History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War,94,99-104.
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