1703248828

1703248829 [29]G.John Ikenberry, Michael Mastanduno, and William Wohlforth, eds., Unipolarity and International Relations Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011); G.John Ikenberry and Joseph Grieco, State Power and World Markets: The International Political Economy (New York: Norton, 2003); G.John Ikenberry and Michael Mastanduno, eds., International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003); G.John Ikenberry, David A.Lake, and Michael Mastanduno, eds., The State and American Foreign Economic Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988); G.John Ikenberry and Charles A.Kupchan, “Socialization and Hegemonic Power,” International Organization 44, no.3 (1990): 283—315; Stephen G.Brooks, G.John Ikenberry, and William C.Wohlforth, “Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment,” International Security 37, no.3 (2012/13): 7—51.

1703248830

1703248831 [30]Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth, “Don’t Come Home, America,” 12.

1703248832

1703248833 [31]Geir Lundstadt, The American “Empire” (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990); Charles S.Maier, “Alliance and Autonomy: European Identity and US Foreign Policy Objectives in the Truman Years,” in Michael Lacey, ed., The Truman Presidency (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 273—298; John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Thomas F.Madden, Empires of Trust: How Rome Built—and America Is Building—a New World (London: Plume, 2009).

1703248834

1703248835 [32]Ikenberry, Liberal Leviathan, 10.

1703248836

1703248837 [33]Walden Bellow, Dilemmas of Domination: The Unmaking of the American Empire (New York: Metropolitan, 2005); Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of the American Empire (London: Time Warner, 2002); Chalmers Johnson, Dismantling the Empire: America’s Last Best Hope (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010).有关美国对欧洲内政的干预，参见Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York: Penguin, 2005); Michael Cox and Caroline Kennedy-Pipes, “The Tragedy of American Diplomacy? Rethinking the Marshall Plan,” Journal of Cold War Studies 7, no.1 (2005): 97—134; Michael J.Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947—1952 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Alan Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945—1951 (London: Methuen, 1984); William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York: Norton, 1988)。

1703248838

1703248839 [34]关于全球参与的各种路径，比如偏重实用主义、意识形态偏弱的外交政策路径典范，参见Steven Weber and Bruce W.Jentleson, The End of Arrogance: America in the Global Competition of Ideas (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010)。

1703248840

1703248841 [35]Angus Maddison, Monitoring the World Economy, 1820—1992 (Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1995).即便是霸权稳定论的著名倡导者罗伯特·吉尔平也承认，美国的全球主导地位正在逝去；参见Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987): 173—175。

1703248842

1703248843 [36]关于这一点，可参见Charles P.Kindleberger, “Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy: Exploitation, Public Goods, and Free Rides,” International Studies Quarterly 25, no.2 (1981): 242, 248; Simon Reich, Restraining Trade to Invoke Investment: MITI and the Japanese Auto Producers: Case Studies in International Negotiation (Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 2002)。

1703248844

1703248845 [37]Andrew Mack, “The Changing Face of Global Violence (Part 1),” in The Human Security Report 2005 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), http: //www.humansecurity report.info/HSR2005_PDF/Part1.pdf (accessed 5 February 2013).

1703248846

1703248847 [38]Steve Schifferes, “US Names Coalition of the Willing,” BBC News, 18 March 2003, http: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2862343.stm (accessed 5 February 2013); “Biggest Threat to Peace,”Time Europe, 2 June 2003, http: //www.time.com/time/europe/gdml/peace2003.html.

1703248848

1703248849 [39]Pew Global Attitudes Project, “America’s Image Slips, but Allies Share US Concerns over Iran, Hamas,” 13 June 2006, http: //www.pewglobal.org/2006/06/13/americas-image-slips-but-allies-share-us-concerns-over-iran-hamas (accessed 25 February 2013).

1703248850

1703248851 [40]BBC World Service, “Israel and Iran Share Most Negative Ratings in Global Poll,” 6 March 2007, http: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/06_03_07_perceptions.pdf (accessed 5 February 2013).

1703248852

1703248853 [41]Christian Reus-Smit, “Unipolarity and Legitimacy,”未出版的手稿。

1703248854

1703248855 [42]BBC World Service, Global Views of United States Improve While Other Countries Decline, 10 April 2010, http: //www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pipa/pdf/apr10/BBCViews_Apr10_rpt.pdf (accessed 1 July 2013).

1703248856

1703248857 [43]Pew Global Attitudes Project, “Global Opinion of Obama Slips, International Poli-cies Faulted,” 13 June 2012, http: //www.pewglobal.org/2012/06/13/global-opinion-of-obama-slips-international-policies-faulted (accessed 17 August 2012).

1703248858

1703248859 [44]“BBC Poll: Germany the Most Popular Country in the World,” 23 May 2013, http: //www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22624104 (accessed 29 May 2013).

1703248860

1703248861 [45]“World from Berlin: ‘Obama Owes His Allies an Explanation,’” Spiegel Online International, 1 July 2013, http: //www.spiegel.de/international/world/german-press-snowden-affair-and-nsa-eu-spying-revelations-a-908723.html (accessed 1 July 2013).

1703248862

1703248863 [46]Layne, “The Waning of US Hegemony—Myth or Reality?”

1703248864

1703248865 [47]乐观主义者的例子包括Mortimer Zuckerman, “A Second American Century,” Foreign Affairs 7, no.3 (1998): 18—31; Walter Russell Mead, Power, Terror, Peace and War: America’s Grand Strategy in a World at Risk (New York: Knopf, 2004); Stephen G.Brooks and William C.Wohlforth, World Out of Balance: International Relations and the Challenge of US Primacy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008); William C.Wohlforth, “The Stability of a Unipolar World,” International Security 24, no.1 (1999): 5—41; William C.Wohlforth, “US Strategy in a Unipolar World,” in G.John Ikenberry, ed., America Unrivaled: The Future of the Balance of Power (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002): 98—120; Ikenberry, Liberal Leviathan, 4。

1703248866

1703248867 [48]James Traub, “Wallowing in Decline,” Foreign Policy, 24 September 2010, http: //www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/09/24/wallowing_in_decline?page=0,1 (accessed 27 December 2010); Stephen M.Walt, “The Virtues of Competence,” Foreign Policy, 22 September 2010, http: //walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/22/the_virtues_of_competence (accessed 27 December 2010).

1703248868

1703248869 [49]Zakaria, The Post-American World.

1703248870

1703248871 [50]Richard Haass, “The Age of Nonpolarity: What Will Follow US Dominance?” Foreign Affairs 87, no.3 (2008): 44—56; Layne, “The Waning of US Hegemony—Myth or Reality?”有关数据，参见National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2008), http: //www.dni.gov/nic /PDF_2025/2025_Global_Trends_Final_Report.pdf (accessed 25 May 2013)。有关非美国学者的视角，参见Dilip Hiro, After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World (New York: Nation Books, 2009); Giovanni Grevi, The Interpolar World: A New Scenario, Occasional Paper 79 (Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2009); Luis Peral, ed., Global Security in a Multipolar World Chaillot Paper 118 (Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2009); Thomas Renard, A BRIC in the World: Emerging Powers, Europe and the Coming Order (Brussels: Academic Press for the Royal Institute of International Relations, 2009); Álvaro de Vasconcelos, “Multilateralising Multi-Polarity II: Between Self-Interest and a Responsible Approach,” in Luis Peral, ed., Global Security in a Multi-polar World, Chaillot Paper 118 (Paris: European Institute for Security Studies, 2009), 5—14; Kishore Mahbubani, The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East (New York: Public Affairs Press, 2008)。

1703248872

1703248873 [51]Shirong Chen, “China Defends Africa Economic and Trade Role,” 23 December 2010, http: //www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-asia-pacific-12069624?SThisEM (accessed 23 December, 2010); Martin Wolf, Fixing Global Finance: How to Curb Financial Crisis in the 21st Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).有关人权，参见“China Rejects US Criticism of Human Rights Record,” 11 May 2011, http: //www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13358081 (accessed 11 May 2011)。

1703248874

1703248875 [52]一个凸显的案例，可参见The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Remarks by the President in State of Union Address,” 25 January 2011, http: //www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/25/remarks-president-state-union-address (accessed 29 January 2011)。

1703248876

1703248877 [53]Nicholas Spykman, “Geography and Foreign Policy 2,” American Political Science Review 36, no.4 (1938): 213—236; Edward Hallett Carr, The Twenty Year’s Crisis, 1919—1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1940); Hans J.Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Knopf, 1948); Frederick Lewis Schuman, International Politics: An Introduction to the Western State (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958).

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