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[38]Kant “,Toward Perpetual Peace”,p. 105．粗体为原文所加。亦可参考Mary J. Gregor的译本，她将international state译为state of nations。康德所指的nation，应是peoples之意。
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[39]Kant,“Toward Perpetual Peace”,pp. 113-114．亦可参见“☆e Metaphysics of Morals”,p. 171。
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[40]Jean Bodin,On Sovereignty
:Four Chapters from the Six Books of the Commonwealth,ed. Julian H. Franklin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1992).
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[41]康德也接受了博丹对这三种政治制度的区分。见Kant,“Toward Perpetual Peace”,p.100。
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[42]对于主权概念的历史起源及发展更详细的讨论，可参陈弘毅：《主权和人权的历史和法理学反思》,《二十一世纪》，第55期（1999），页18—29。
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[43]Kant,“Toward Perpetual Peace”,p. 94．韦伯对国家的看法，可见Weber,“Politics as a Vocation”,in From Max Weber
:Essays in Sociology,ed.H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (London: Routledge,1948),p. 78。
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[44]Kant,“☆e Metaphysics of Morals”,pp. 137-138．亦可见“☆eory and Practice”,p. 73。
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[45]Kant,“Toward Perpetual Peace”,p. 94．如前面所言，康德并没有要求原初契约必须在历史上发生过，它只是假然性的契约，但却是任何政权合法性（legitimacy）的必要条件。Kant,“☆eory and Practice”,p. 79。
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[46]Kant,“Toward Perpetual Peace”,pp. 94,96（亦即六项预备性条款中的第二及第五项）。
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[47]Kant,“Toward Perpetual Peace”,p. 118.
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[48]Ibid.,p. 104.
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[49]Jürgen Habermas,“Kant’s Idea of Perpetual Peace,with the Benefit of Two Hundred Years’Hindsight”,in Perpetual Peace,ed.Bohman and Lutz-Bachmann,p. 128.
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[50]G. W. F. Hegel,Philosophy of Right,trans.T. M. Knox (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1952),pp. 213-214.
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[51]Kant,“☆e Metaphysics of Morals”,p. 174．亦可见“Toward Perpetual Peace”,pp. 104,122.
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[52]Kant,“Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose”,p. 50.
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[53]Kant,“Toward Perpetual Peace”,p. 108.
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[54]Ibid.,p. 113.
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[55]Ibid.,p. 114.
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[56]Nussbaum认为，康德所称的天意最多只能是一个假设而已。Apel更认为，必须将康德形而上学的历史观撇开，而直接诉诸于人的道德责任，康德的观点才更一致。Martha Nussbaum,“Kant and Cosmopolitanism”,pp. 25-58; Karl-Otto Apel,“Kant’s‘Toward Perpetual Peace’ as Historical Prognosis from the Point of View of Moral Duty”,pp.79-112．两文均收在Perpetual Peace一书之中。有关康德的历史哲学，可参考Susan Shell,“Kant’s Idea of History”,in History and the Idea of Progress,ed.Arthur M. Melzer,Jerry Weinberger and M. Richard Zinman (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,1995),pp. 75-96。
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[57]Kant,“Toward Perpetual Peace”,p. 126.
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[58]Ibid.,p. 114.
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[59]Habermas,“Kant’s Idea of Perpetual Peace,with the Benefit of Two Hundred Years’Hindsight”,p. 121.
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[60]对这一方面更多的讨论，可参Daniele Archibugi and David Held (eds.),Cosmopolitan Democracy(Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press,1995)。
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[61]Kant,“☆e Metaphysics of Morals”,p. 174.
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