1703431183
[34]Randall Kroszner,“Is It Better to Forgive than to Receive?
:Repudiation of the Gold Indexation Clause in LongTerm Debt during the Great Depression” （manuscript,University of Chicago,1998）.
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1703431185
[35]John Geanakoplos and Susan Koniak,“Mortgage Justice Is Blind,” New York Times,October 29,2008.
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[36]有关第13章破产法的相关信息来自Mark Scarberry and Scott Reddie,“Home Mortgage Strip Down in Chapter 13 Bankruptcy
:A Contextual Approach to Sections 1322（b）（2） and （b）（5）,” Pepperdine Law Review 20,no.2 （2012）
:425-96。
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[37]关于这个解释在法律上存在大量争论，20世纪80年代末至90年代初的一系列案件随着1992年“贵族诉美利坚储蓄银行案”（Nobleman v. American Savings Bank）而结束，法院裁定根据初始《破产法》第13章的规定，有担保的住房抵押贷款债务不能减记。在此之前，很多法官处理破产案件时允许住房抵押贷款减记。参见Scarberry and Reddie,“Home Mortgage Strip Down in Chapter 13 Bankruptcy”。
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1703431191
[38]Clea Benson,“Obama Housing Fix Faltered on CarrotsNotSticks Policy,”Bloomberg News,June 11,2012.
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1703431193
[39]Binyamin Appelbaum,“Cautious Moves on Foreclosures Haunting Obama,”New York Times,August 19,2012.
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[40]同上。
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[41]Doris Dungey,“Just Say Yes to Cram Downs,” Calculated Risk,October 7,2007,http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2007/10/justsayyestocramdowns.html.
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[42]Doris Dungey,“House Considers Cram Downs,” Calculated Risk,December 12,2007,http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2007/12/houseconsiderscramdowns.html.
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[43]Bill McBride,“Mortgage Cramdowns:A Missed Opportunity,” Calculated Risk,August 20,2012,http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2012/08/mortgagecramdownsmissedopportunity.html.
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1703431203
[44]一个相关的建议来自Eric Posner和Luigi Zingales，修改《破产法》第13章，允许邮政编码区的购房者在破产时减记住房抵押贷款，特别是那些受到房价下跌沉重打击的家庭，条件是这些家庭需要在未来出售房屋时放弃部分可能上升的收益。参见 Eric Posner and Luigi Zingales,“A Loan Modification Approach to the Housing Crisis,” American Law and Economics Review 11,no.2 （2009）
:575-607。
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1703431205
[45]Geanakoplos,“Solving the Present Crisis.”
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1703431207
[46]OCC Mortgage Metrics Report,“OCC Reports on Mortgage Performance for Fourth Quarter,” March 27,2013.
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1703431209
[47]Roberts and Kaper,“Out of Their Depth.”
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1703431211
[48]Benson,“Obama Housing Fix Faltered.”
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1703431213
[49]International Monetary Fund,“Concluding Statement of the 2012 Article IV Mission to the United States of America,” July 3,2012,http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2012/070312.htm.
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[50]Daniel Leigh,Deniz Igan,John Simon,and Petia Topalova,“Chapter 3
:Dealing with Household Debt,” in IMF World Economic Outlook
:Growth Resuming,Dangers Remain,April 2012.
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1703431217
[51]Will Dobbie and Jae Song,“Debt Relief and Debtor Outcomes
:Measuring the Effects of Consumer Bankruptcy Protection” （working paper,Harvard University,May2013）.
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1703431219
第11章
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1703431221
[1]Irving Fisher,“The DebtDeflation Theory of Great Depressions,” Econometrica 1 no.4 （1933）
:341.
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1703431223
[2]Ben Bernanke,“On Milton Friedman’s Ninetieth Birthday” （speech,Conference to Honor Milton Friedman,University of Chicago,November 8,2002）.
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[3]从技术上讲，美联储也从非银行公众手中购买了债券。但是如果非银行公众将收入存入银行系统，银行系统以准备金形式持有的资金就会增加，其影响是相似的。
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[4]Paul Douglas,Irving Fisher,Frank Graham,Earl Hamilton,Willford King,and Charles Whittlesey,“A Program for Monetary Reform” （paper,reprinted by the Kettle Pond Instit ute,July 1939）.
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[5]Richard Koo在研究20世纪90年代的日本时，得出了相似的结论。参见 Richard Koo,The Holy Grail of Macroeconomics
:Lessons from Japan’s Great Recession（Singapore
:John Wiley & Sons \[Asia\],2009）。
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[6]See Peter Temin,Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression? （New York
:Norton,1976）; and Paul Krugman,“It’s Baaack
:Japan’s Slump and the Return of the Liquidity Trap,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2 （1998）
:137-205.
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