打字猴:1.703431183e+09
1703431183 [34]Randall Kroszner,“Is It Better to Forgive than to Receive?:Repudiation of the Gold Indexation Clause in LongTerm Debt during the Great Depression” (manuscript,University of Chicago,1998).
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1703431185 [35]John Geanakoplos and Susan Koniak,“Mortgage Justice Is Blind,” New York Times,October 29,2008.
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1703431187 [36]有关第13章破产法的相关信息来自Mark Scarberry and Scott Reddie,“Home Mortgage Strip Down in Chapter 13 Bankruptcy:A Contextual Approach to Sections 1322(b)(2) and (b)(5),” Pepperdine Law Review 20,no.2 (2012):425-96。
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1703431189 [37]关于这个解释在法律上存在大量争论,20世纪80年代末至90年代初的一系列案件随着1992年“贵族诉美利坚储蓄银行案”(Nobleman v. American Savings Bank)而结束,法院裁定根据初始《破产法》第13章的规定,有担保的住房抵押贷款债务不能减记。在此之前,很多法官处理破产案件时允许住房抵押贷款减记。参见Scarberry and Reddie,“Home Mortgage Strip Down in Chapter 13 Bankruptcy”。
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1703431191 [38]Clea Benson,“Obama Housing Fix Faltered on CarrotsNotSticks Policy,”Bloomberg News,June 11,2012.
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1703431193 [39]Binyamin Appelbaum,“Cautious Moves on Foreclosures Haunting Obama,”New York Times,August 19,2012.
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1703431195 [40]同上。
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1703431197 [41]Doris Dungey,“Just Say Yes to Cram Downs,” Calculated Risk,October 7,2007,http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2007/10/justsayyestocramdowns.html.
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1703431199 [42]Doris Dungey,“House Considers Cram Downs,” Calculated Risk,December 12,2007,http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2007/12/houseconsiderscramdowns.html.
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1703431201 [43]Bill McBride,“Mortgage Cramdowns:A Missed Opportunity,” Calculated Risk,August 20,2012,http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2012/08/mortgagecramdownsmissedopportunity.html.
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1703431203 [44]一个相关的建议来自Eric Posner和Luigi Zingales,修改《破产法》第13章,允许邮政编码区的购房者在破产时减记住房抵押贷款,特别是那些受到房价下跌沉重打击的家庭,条件是这些家庭需要在未来出售房屋时放弃部分可能上升的收益。参见 Eric Posner and Luigi Zingales,“A Loan Modification Approach to the Housing Crisis,” American Law and Economics Review 11,no.2 (2009):575-607。
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1703431205 [45]Geanakoplos,“Solving the Present Crisis.”
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1703431207 [46]OCC Mortgage Metrics Report,“OCC Reports on Mortgage Performance for Fourth Quarter,” March 27,2013.
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1703431209 [47]Roberts and Kaper,“Out of Their Depth.”
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1703431211 [48]Benson,“Obama Housing Fix Faltered.”
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1703431213 [49]International Monetary Fund,“Concluding Statement of the 2012 Article IV Mission to the United States of America,” July 3,2012,http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2012/070312.htm.
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1703431215 [50]Daniel Leigh,Deniz Igan,John Simon,and Petia Topalova,“Chapter 3:Dealing with Household Debt,” in IMF World Economic Outlook:Growth Resuming,Dangers Remain,April 2012.
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1703431217 [51]Will Dobbie and Jae Song,“Debt Relief and Debtor Outcomes:Measuring the Effects of Consumer Bankruptcy Protection” (working paper,Harvard University,May2013).
1703431218
1703431219 第11章
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1703431221 [1]Irving Fisher,“The DebtDeflation Theory of Great Depressions,” Econometrica 1 no.4 (1933):341.
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1703431223 [2]Ben Bernanke,“On Milton Friedman’s Ninetieth Birthday” (speech,Conference to Honor Milton Friedman,University of Chicago,November 8,2002).
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1703431225 [3]从技术上讲,美联储也从非银行公众手中购买了债券。但是如果非银行公众将收入存入银行系统,银行系统以准备金形式持有的资金就会增加,其影响是相似的。
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1703431227 [4]Paul Douglas,Irving Fisher,Frank Graham,Earl Hamilton,Willford King,and Charles Whittlesey,“A Program for Monetary Reform” (paper,reprinted by the Kettle Pond Instit ute,July 1939).
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1703431229 [5]Richard Koo在研究20世纪90年代的日本时,得出了相似的结论。参见 Richard Koo,The Holy Grail of Macroeconomics:Lessons from Japan’s Great Recession(Singapore:John Wiley & Sons \[Asia\],2009)。
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1703431231 [6]See Peter Temin,Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression? (New York:Norton,1976); and Paul Krugman,“It’s Baaack:Japan’s Slump and the Return of the Liquidity Trap,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2 (1998):137-205.
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