打字猴:1.704380248e+09
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1704380249 27.Rosenzweig, “Why Are There Returns to Schooling?”
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1704380251 28.Foster and Rosenzweig, “Microeconomics of Technology Adoption.”
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1704380253 29.Abowd, Lengfirmann, and McKinney, “Measurement of Human Capital.”
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1704380255 30.Much of the remaining variation in wages is explained by firm-specific characteristics and unobserved factors.
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1704380257 31.Lane, Ships for Victory, p.202.
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1704380259 32.Thompson, “How Much?”
1704380260
1704380261 第三章 缓慢革命
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1704380263 1.Du Maurier, “Edison’s Telephonoscope.”
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1704380265 2.Kitch,“Nature and Function of the Patent System,” using data from Jewkes, Sawers, and Stillerman, Sources of Invention.
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1704380267 3.Gort and Klepper, “Time Paths.”
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1704380269 4.Auerswald et al., “Production Recipes Approach.”
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1704380271 5.Rosenberg and Steinmueller, “Engineering Knowledge.”
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1704380273 6.Bessen, “More Machines.”
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1704380275 7.These times are rough estimates, but nevertheless illustrative of the remainder principle.See Bessen, “More Machines,” for actual times.
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1704380277 8.If the development of the improvement or its implementation involved an indivisible fixed cost, then these costs would act as a threshold and improvements would not be made until they were sufficiently pro.table to cover the fixed costs.If, on the other hand, the costs were not necessarily a large lump sum and/or there was substantial heterogeneity in these costs, then the effect of greater profitability on inventive activity would be more continuous.In either case, the remainder principle explains why the process is sequential over a period of time.
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1704380279 9.Draper, “Continued Development.”
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1704380281 10.David Landes, in The Unbound Prometheus, described this pattern during the Industrial Revolution as one of “challenge and response” after Toynbee.
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1704380283 11.Baldwin and Clark, Design Rules.
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1704380285 12.Weavers were paid mainly on piece rates, so they would benefit directly from learning this skill.A weaver on an hourly rate would only benefit to the extent that her employer raised her pay for acquiring such skills.
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1704380287 13.Marx, Capital, vol.1, ch.15.
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1704380289 14.Autor, Levy, and Murnane, “Skill Content.”
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1704380291 15.This is why new inventions so often come from skilled workers and managers: there is “user innovation.” See Eric von Hippel, Sources of Innovation.
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1704380293 16.Thomson, “Learning by Selling.”
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1704380295 17.This topic is explored in Rosenberg, “Technological Interdependence.” The Corliss steam engine not only provided cheaper power, it also regulated the power supply in response to demand changes, which improved the ability to manufacture finer textiles.See Rosenberg and Trajtenberg, “General Purpose Technology.”
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1704380297 18.This output is based on the amount of cotton processed per textile worker, not just weavers.
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