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27.Scherer, “Political Economy”; Ja.e and Lerner, Innovation and Its Discontents; Henry and Turner, “Court of Appeals”; Nard and Duffy, “Rethinking Patent Law’s Uniformity Principle”; Dourado and Tabarrok, “Public Choice and Bloomington School.”
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28.First Street, “Lobbying the America Invents Act,” CQPress, 2011, http:// firststreetresearch..les.wordpress.com/2011/11/firststreetreportlobbyingthe-americainventsact.pdf.
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29.Judge Paul Michel, speaking at the National Academy of Sciences on February 12, 2013, cited $300 million in lobbying and campaign contributions.
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30.President Obama himself recognizes that the bill did not adequately deal with the problem of patent trolls; see http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/06/04 /takingpatenttrollsprotectamericaninnovation.
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31.See Zach Carter, “The Spoilsmen: How Congress Corrupted Patent Refirm,” Hu.ngton Post, August 4, 2011, http://www.hu.ngtonpost.com/2011/08/04/patentrefirmcongress_n_906278.html?view=print&comm_ref=false.Subsequently, Senator Schumer recognized the value of this proceeding to other industries and introduced the Patent Quality Improvement Act (S.866), which would extend the same review proceeding to all business method patents, not just financial ones.
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32.The America Invents Act (AIA) changed the rules to make it harder for patent trolls to.le lawsuits against many unrelated defendants.This means that for some purposes the number of lawsuits might not be the best measure of patent troll activity.Another measure is the number of defendant firms sued.Although the number of defendants declined in 2012, after a sharp spike in 2011 as patent holders sought to file multi-defendant lawsuits prior to the AIA, the number of defendants also rose in 2013 again (by 11 percent), continuing the trend of the previous decade.See James Bessen, “Patent Trolling Was Up 11 Percent Last Year,” Washington Post, The Switch (blog), January 31, 2014, http://www.wash ingtonpost.com/blogs/theswitch/wp/2014/01/31/patent-trolling-was-up-11-percent-last-year/.
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33.See James Bessen, “How Patent Trolls Doomed Themselves by Targeting Main Street,” Ars Technica, September 12, 2013, http://arstechnica.com /tech-policy/2013/09/op-ed-how-patent-trolls-doomed-themselves-by-targeting-main-street/.
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34.Executive Office of the President, “Patent Assertion and U.S.Innovation,” June 2013, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/.les/docs/patent_report.pdf.
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35.Mullin, “How the Patent Trolls Won in Congress.”
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36.Graddy, “Toward a General Theory of Occupational Regulation.”
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37.Fox-Grange, “Scope of Practice.”
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38.Jen DiMascio, “Defense Goes All-in for Incumbents,” Politico, September 27, 2010, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0910/42733.html.
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39.Centerfor Responsive Politics, “Defense: Background,” http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/background.php?cycle=2014&ind=D.
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40.American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), “Federal Spending Bills Contain 2,526 R&D Earmarks, AAAS Analysis Finds,” January 8, 2008, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-01/aaftfsb010808.php.
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41.Center for Responsive Politics, “Interest Groups: Lawyers and Lobbyists,” http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?Ind=K.
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42.Several bills have been proposed.One, the Defend Trade Secrets Act sponsored by Senators Chris Coons and Orrin Hatch, has the support of 3M, Abbott, AdvaMed, Boston Scientific, Caterpillar, Corning, DuPont, GE, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Micron, Microsoft, Monsanto, Philips, P&G, and United Technologies.See http://www.coons.senate.gov/newsroom/releases/release/sena
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43.It is a tendency also seen in treaties that “harmonize” intellectual property law.
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44.Callum Borchers, “DeLeo Plan Would Preserve Tech Noncompetes,” Boston Globe, June 3, 2014; Dennis Keohane, “Mass Legislators Pass on Change to Noncompete Laws,” BetaBoston, July 31, 2014, http://betaboston.com/news/2014/07/31 /mass-legislators-pass-on-change-to-noncompete-laws/.
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45.Hathaway and Litan, “Declining Business Dynamism in the United States.”
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46.Haltiwanger,Hathaway, and Miranda, “Declining Business Dynamism in the U.S.High-Technology Sector.”
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第十四章 大众技能和国家繁荣
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1.Comin and Ferrer, “If Technology Has Arrived Everywhere.”
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2.Foster and Rosenzweig, “Microeconomics of Technology Adoption.”
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3.Diamond, Guns, Gfirms, and Steel.
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4.Weber, Protestant Ethic.Weber also saw the Protestant ethic helping the work ethic of ordinary workers.
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