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[8]Wassily Leontief,The Structure of the American Economy, 1919—1939:An EmpiricalApplicationofEquilibriumAnalysis, 2nd enl. ed. （Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951）.
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1704514263
[9]J. Meade and R. Stone,NationalIncomeandExpenditure, 4th ed. （London: Bowes and Bowes, 1957）.
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[10]François Perroux,“Prise de vues sur la croissance de l’économie française, 1780 -1950,”ReviewofIncomeandWealth5, no. 1（1955）:41 -78.
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1704514267
[11]J. J. Carré, P. Dubois, and E. Malinvaud,LaCroissancefrançaise
:unessaid’analyse économique causale de l’après-guerre（Paris: Seuil, 1972）.
1704514268
1704514269
[12]Jean-Claude Toutain,“Le produit intérieur brut de la France de 1789 à 1982,”ÉconomiesetSocieté, Cahiers de l’ISMEA, Série Histoire quantitative de l’économie française, 1987,15.
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[13]M. Lévy-Leboyer and F. Bourguignon,L’économiefrançaiseauXIX
:siècle: Analyse macro-économique（Paris: Economica, 1985）.
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[14]历史计量学是用计量经济学方法研究经济史问题的学科。
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[15]Roger Fouquet and Stephen Broadberry,“Seven Centuries of European Economic Growth and Decline,”JournalofEconomicPerspectives29, no. 4（2015）
:227 -244.
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[16]J. M. Keynes,“Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” inEssaysinPersuasion（New York: Norton, 1930; London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010）.
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[18]关于知识产权的议题，主要可参考Douglass C. North and Barry R. Weingast,“Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England,”JournalofEconomicHistory49, no. 4（1989）
:803 -832.
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[19]Fouquet and Broadberry,“Seven Centuries of European Economic Growth and Decline.”
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[20]T. R. Malthus,AnEssayonthePrincipleofPopulation（London: J. Johnson,1798; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970）.
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[21]See, for example, K. M. Murphy, A. Shleifer, and R. W. Vishny,“Industrialization and the Big Push,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy97, no. 5（1989）
:1003 -1026.
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[22]Michael Kremer,“Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B. C. to 1990,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics108, no. 3（1993）
:681 -716. Oded Galor and David N. Weil,“Population, Technology, and Growth
:From Malthusian Stagnation to the Demographic Transition and Beyond,”AmericanEconomicReview90, no. 4（2000）
:806 -828.
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[23]这一“市场规模”效应是创新驱动增长模型（包括熊彼特模型）的内在特征。读者可以从如下文献中看到部门数据和企业数据所证实的这一规模效应: Daron Acemoglu and Joshua Linn,“Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics119, no. 3（2004）
:1049 -1090; and Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud,Matthieu Lequien, and Marc J. Melitz,“The Heterogeneous Impact of Market Size on Innovation: Evidence from French Firm-Level Exports” （NBER Working Paper No. 24600, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA,May 2018, rev. October 2019）.
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[24]See Charles I. Jones and Paul M. Romer,“The New Kaldor Facts: Ideas,Institutions, Population, and Human Capital,”AmericanEconomicJournal: Macroeconomics2, no. 1（2010）
:224 -245;以及本书第10章。
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[25]背后的理念是，技术进步会导致教育回报增加。
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[26]Richard R. Nelson and Edmund S. Phelps,“Investment in Humans, Technological Diffusion and Economic Growth,”AmericanEconomicReview56, no. 1 -2（1966）:69 -75.
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[27]Nelson and Phelps,“Investment in Humans.”
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1704514301
[28]Joel Mokyr and Hans-Joachim Voth,“Understanding Growth in Europe, 1700 -1870: Theory and Evidence,” inThe Cambridge Economic History of ModernEurope
:vol.1: 1700—1870, ed. Stephen Broadberry and Kevin H. O’Rourke（Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009）.
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[29]本节是对莫克尔的分析的拓展，参见Joel Mokyr,The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy（Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002）.对他这部著作的更多介绍，参见Hal R. Varian,“Review of Mokyr’s Gifts of Athena,”JournalofEconomicLiterature42, no. 3（2004）
:805 -810.
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[30]引自David Encaoua,“Interactions science-technologie: quelles politiques publi ques,”RevueFrançaised’Économie25, no. 4（2011）:75 -119.
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1704514307
[31]Diego Puga and Daniel Trefler,“International Trade and Institutional Change
:Medieval Venice’s Response to Globalization,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics129, no. 2（2014）
:753 -821. R. R. John,SpreadingtheNews
:TheAmericanPostal Systemrom Franklin to Morse（Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995）.
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[32]例如，Alembert负责数学部分，Daubenton负责自然史部分，Bordeu与Tronchin负责医药部分。在该《百科全书》收入的72 000条主题中，我们能看到某些技术的内容，例如玻璃制造（44页）、磨粉工艺（25页）等。
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