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[3]N. Bloom, M. Draca, and J. Van Reenen,“Trade Induced Technical Change? The Impact of Chinese Imports on Innovation, IT and Productivity,”ReviewofEconomicStudies83, no. 1（2016）:87 -117.
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[4]例如2018年，美国从中国的进口额约为美国向中国的出口额的3倍。
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[5]See A. B. Bernard, J. B. Jensen, and P. K. Schott, “Survival of the Best Fit
:Exposureto Low-Wage Countries and the（Uneven）Growth of US Manufacturing Plants,”JournalofInternationalEconomics68, no. 1（2006）
:219 -237;J. R. Pierce and P. K. Schott,“The Surprisingly Swift Decline of US Manufacturing Employment,”AmericanEconomicReview106, no. 7（2016）
:1632 -1662;D. Acemoglu, D. Autor, D. Dorn, G. H. Hanson, and B. Price,“Import Competition and the Great US Employment Sag of the 2000s,”JournalofLaborEconomics34,no. S1（2016）
:141 -198; D. H. Autor, D. Dorn, G. H. Hanson and J. Song,“Trade Adjustment: Worker-Level Evidence,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics129, no. 4（2014）
:1799 -1860.
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[6]See D. H. Autor, D. Dorn, and G. H. Hanson,“The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States,”AmericanEconomicReview103, no. 6（2013）
:2121 -2168.中国进口产品在美国市场的渗透率等于中国进口产品价值占美国国内市场总销售额的比率。
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[7]在这一研究中，美国被划分为722个地方性劳动力市场。
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[8]该方法非常类似于有关中国进口对地方层面的就业与工资的影响的研究方法，唯一区别在于，这里是针对具体的企业。参见D. Autor, D. Dorn, G. H.Hanson, G. Pisano, and P. Shu,“Foreign Competition and Domestic Innovation
:Evidence from US Patents,”AmericanEconomicReview
:Insights2, no. 3（2020）
:357 -374.
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[9]David Autor及其合作者只考虑了Compustat数据库中包含的大企业。
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[10]P. Aghion, A. Bergeaud, M. Lequien, M. Melitz, and T. Zuber,“Imports and Innovation: Evidence from French Firm-Level Data,” unpublished manuscript, 2020.
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[11]更普遍地说，相比美国，欧洲遭遇的中国进口冲击更多发生在上游产业。
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[12]Aghion, Bergeaud, Lequien, Melitz, and Zuber,“Imports and Innovation.”
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[13]上游产业冲击具有正面效应，加上中国进口冲击在欧洲比在美国更多发生在上游产业，或许可以解释为什么有关研究（Bloom, Draca, and Van Reenen,“Trade Induced Technical Change?”）发现，从欧洲的数据看，中国进口冲击对创新总体上具有正面效应。
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[14]A. Lileeva and D. Trefler,“Improved Access to Foreign Markets Raises Plant Level Productivity. .. for Some Plants,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics125,no. 3（2010）
:1051 -1099.
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[15]P. Aghion, A. Bergeaud, M. Lequien, and M. J. Melitz,“The Heterogeneous Impact of Market Size on Innovation: Evidence from French Firm-Level Exports”（NBER Working Paper No. 24600, National Bureau of Economic Research,Cambridge, MA, May 2018）.
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[16]A. Flaaen, A. Hortaçsu, and F. Tintelnot,“The Production Relocation and Price Effects of U. S. Trade Policy: The Case of Washing Machines,”AmericanEconomicReview110, no. 7（2020）
:2103 -2127.
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[17]U. Akcigit, S. T. Ates, and G. Impullitti, “Innovation and Trade Policy in a Globalized World”（NBER Working Paper No. 24543, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, April 2018）.
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[18]M. J. Melitz,“The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity,”Econometrica71, no. 6（2003）
:1695 -1725.
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[19]见本书第9章有关跨境征收碳税的讨论。
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[20]关于价值链的讨论，建议参考如下文献: P. Antràs,“Conceptual Aspects of Global Value Chains,”WorldBankEconomicReview34, no. 3（2020）
:551 -574; P. Antràs and D. Chor,“Organizing the Global Value Chain,”Econometrica81, no. 6（2013）
:2127 -2204; and P. Antràs, D. Chor, T. Fally, and R. Hillberry,“Measuringthe Upstreamness of Production and Trade Flows,”AmericanEconomicReview102, no. 3（2012）
:412 -416.
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[21]关于移民与创新的关系，一本不可或缺的参考著作是: William Kerr,TheGift of Global Talent
:How Migration Shapes Business,Economy and Society（Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018）.
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[22]Costas Arkolakis, Michael Peters, and Sun Kyoung Lee,“European Immigrants and the United States’ Rise to the Technological Frontier,”2019 Meeting Paper No. 1420, Society for Economic Dynamics, 2019.
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[23]S. Bernstein, R. Diamond, T. McQuade, and B. Pousada,“The Contribution of High-Skilled Immigrants to Innovation in the United States,” Working Paper no. 3748, Stanford Graduate School of Business, November 6,2018.
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[24]这一思想启发的研究成果包括P. Azoulay, J. S. Graff Zivin, and J. Wang, “Superstar Extinction,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics125, no. 2（2010）
:549 -589; and X. Jaravel, N. Petkova, and A. Bell,“Team-Specific Capital and Innovation,”AmericanEconomicReview108, no. 4 -5（2018）
:1034 -1073.
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[25]D. Bahar, P. Choudhury, and H. Rapoport, “Migrant Inventors and the Technological Advantage of Nations,”ResearchPolicy49, no. 9（2020）.另外建议读者查阅该论文附录的参考文献。
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[26]类似的研究[如George Borjas and Kirk Doran,“The Collapse of the Soviet Unionand the Productivity of American Mathematicians,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics127, no. 3（2012）
:1143 -1203]表明
:苏联解体后的俄罗斯数学家移民对美国的新知识生产带来了积极效应。
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[27]A. Alesina, J. Harnoss, and H. Rapoport, “Birthplace Diversity and Economic Prosperity,”JournalofEconomicGrowth21, no. 2（2016）
:101 -138.请注意，作者没有直接研究多样性对东道国专利数量和质量的影响。
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