打字猴:1.70451775e+09
1704517750
1704517751 当然,政府作为保险人并非只应对宏观经济冲击,还要缓解异质性风险。所以20世纪上半叶的危机和战争推动了社会保障、公共医疗和家庭补贴的发展,以保证最低收入水平,防范疾病等风险。但从20世纪80年代开始,经济自由化与贸易全球化给发达国家带来了尖锐的新型风险——失业风险。丹麦在20世纪90年代引入弹性保障模式,希望一方面应对经济自由主义和创新带来的挑战,另一方面保护人们免受失业的负面影响。这种模式可以继续改进,包括鼓励终身职业培训,防止人们滑落到贫困线之下。负税收可以成为缓解失业风险的另一种办法,该风险对季节性或临时性员工来说尤为突出。
1704517752
1704517753 在下一章,我们将探讨政府过分强势或无所不在的危险,以及政府失灵和功能不足的问题。我们将重点分析制衡机制和其他预防措施,以减轻行政部门权力滥用的风险。更具体的内容还包括,媒体、工会、非营利组织乃至各种类型的民间社会组织如何能最终保证权力的分立,以及对行政部门的监督。
1704517754
1704517755 [1]Max Weber,“Politics as a Vocation” (1918 -1919), inTheVocationLectures,ed. David Owen and Tracy B. Strong, trans. Rodney Livingstone(Indianapolis:Hackett, 2004),33.
1704517756
1704517757 [2]本书第2章对此进程做了详细阐述。
1704517758
1704517759 [3]Montesquieu,Del’espritdeslois(Geneva: Barrillot & fils, 1748); Montesquieu,TheSpiritoftheLaws, ed. and trans. Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller, and Harold Samuel Stone(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
1704517760
1704517761 [4]Timothy Besley and Torsten Persson,“Fragile States and Development Policy,”Journal of the European Economic Association9, no. 3(2011):371 -398.
1704517762
1704517763 [5]Timothy Besley,“State Capacity and Economic Development,” Sir Arthur Lewis Distinguished Lecture, University of the West Indies, January 25,2019.
1704517764
1704517765 [6]Arthur Lewis,“The Slowing Down of the Engine of Growth,” Nobel Prize Lecture,December 8,1979.
1704517766
1704517767 [7]J. A. Schumpeter,DieKrisedesSteuerstaats(Austria: Leuschner and Lubensky,1918). Translated as J. A. Schumpeter,“The Crisis of the Tax State,” in Schumpeter,The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, ed. Richard Swedberg,99 -140(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
1704517768
1704517769 [8]Tim Besley and Torsten Persson,“Taxation and Development,” inHandbookofPublicEconomics, ed. A. J. Auerbach, R. Chetty, M. Feldstein, and E. Saez,vol. 5,51 -110(Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013).样本中的国家包括:阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、丹麦、芬兰、爱尔兰、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、瑞典、瑞士、英国和美国。数据来自Brian Mitchell,InternationalHistoricalStatistics, 3 vols. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).
1704517770
1704517771 [9]本节的内容基于如下研究: Philippe Aghion, Xavier Jaravel, Torsten Persson,and Dorothée Rouzet,“Education and Military Rivalry,”JournaloftheEuropeanEconomicAssociation17, no. 2(2019):376 -412.
1704517772
1704517773 [10]Charles Tilly,The Formation of National States in Western Europe(Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1975); Besley and Persson,“Fragile States and Development Policy.”
1704517774
1704517775 [11]拿破仑一世在耶拿战役击败普鲁士,促使普鲁士国王大规模投资学校、大学和基础设施建设,特别是重用了洪堡兄弟。
1704517776
1704517777 [12]Eugen Weber,Peasants into Frenchmen:The Modernization of Rural France,1870 -1914(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976).
1704517778
1704517779 [13]Aghion, Jaravel, Persson, and Rouzet,“Education and Military Rivalry.”
1704517780
1704517781 [14]Lyndon B. Johnson,The Vantage Point:Perspectives of the Presidency,1963-1969(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971).
1704517782
1704517783 [15]Pierre Azoulay, Erica Fuchs, Anna P. Goldstein, and Michael Kearney,“Funding Breakthrough Research: Promises and Challenges of the ‘ ARPA Model,’”Innovation Policy and the Economy19, no. 1(2019):69 -96.
1704517784
1704517785 [16]自上而下方式代表的程序是,政府作为决策者,把决策指示给分散的行为人。相反,自下而上的方式是指,政府确立大致的政策方向,让地方行为人决定如何实施。
1704517786
1704517787 [17]1878—1890年间通过了几项反社会主义的法律。
1704517788
1704517789 [18]Sir William Henry Beveridge,SocialInsuranceandAlliedServices(New York:Macmillan, 1942).
1704517790
1704517791 [19]National Council of the Resistance,“Programme du Conseil national de la Résistance,” March 15,1944.
1704517792
1704517793 [20]工会在全国抵抗委员会中有相当多代表,法国总工会(General Confederation of Labour, CGT)在1945年有400万会员。
1704517794
1704517795 [21]See Pierre Rosanvallon,LaCrisedel’Etat-providence(Paris: Seuil, in collaboration with Points Politique, 1981).
1704517796
1704517797 [22]电影《阿达伦31》讲述过这一悲剧,参见Bo Widerberg, dir. ,Adalen31,Svensk Filmindustri, 1969.
1704517798
1704517799 [23]Yuval Noah Harari,21Lessonsforthe21stCentury(New York: Spiegel &Grau, 2018).
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