打字猴:1.70451778e+09
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1704517781 [14]Lyndon B. Johnson,The Vantage Point:Perspectives of the Presidency,1963-1969(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971).
1704517782
1704517783 [15]Pierre Azoulay, Erica Fuchs, Anna P. Goldstein, and Michael Kearney,“Funding Breakthrough Research: Promises and Challenges of the ‘ ARPA Model,’”Innovation Policy and the Economy19, no. 1(2019):69 -96.
1704517784
1704517785 [16]自上而下方式代表的程序是,政府作为决策者,把决策指示给分散的行为人。相反,自下而上的方式是指,政府确立大致的政策方向,让地方行为人决定如何实施。
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1704517787 [17]1878—1890年间通过了几项反社会主义的法律。
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1704517789 [18]Sir William Henry Beveridge,SocialInsuranceandAlliedServices(New York:Macmillan, 1942).
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1704517791 [19]National Council of the Resistance,“Programme du Conseil national de la Résistance,” March 15,1944.
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1704517793 [20]工会在全国抵抗委员会中有相当多代表,法国总工会(General Confederation of Labour, CGT)在1945年有400万会员。
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1704517795 [21]See Pierre Rosanvallon,LaCrisedel’Etat-providence(Paris: Seuil, in collaboration with Points Politique, 1981).
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1704517797 [22]电影《阿达伦31》讲述过这一悲剧,参见Bo Widerberg, dir. ,Adalen31,Svensk Filmindustri, 1969.
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1704517799 [23]Yuval Noah Harari,21Lessonsforthe21stCentury(New York: Spiegel &Grau, 2018).
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1704517801 [24]Monique Canto-Sperber,La Fin des libertés:Ou comment refonder le libéralisme(Paris: Robert Laffont, 2019).
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1704517803 [25]Canto-Sperber,LaFindeslibertés.
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1704517805 [26]Milton Friedman,CapitalismandFreedom(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
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1704517807 [27]John M. Keynes and Hubert D. Henderson,CanLloydGeorgeDoIt:AnExaminationoftheLiberalPledge(London: The Nation and Athenaeum,1929), reprinted in John M. Keynes,“Can Lloyd George Do It?” inEssaysinPersuasion, 86 -125(London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
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1704517809 [28]John M. Keynes,The General Theory of Employment:Interest:and Money(New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1936).
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1704517811 [29]Willie O’Dea,“Why Our Response to Crisis Isn’t Wrong,”IrishIndependent, January 4,2009.
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1704517813 [30]Philippe Aghion, George-Mario Angeletos, Abhijit Banerjee, and Kalina Manova,“Volatility and Growth: Credit Constraints and the Composition of Investment,”JournalofMonetaryEconomics57, no. 3(2010):246 -265.
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1704517815 [31]量化宽松是一种财政政策,中央银行从金融机构那里购买数额庞大的债务,特别是政府债券和企业债券。
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1704517817 [32]Philippe Aghion, David Hémous, and Enisse Kharroubi,“Cyclical Fiscal Policy,Credit Constraints, and Industry Growth,”JournalofMonetaryEconomics62(2014):41 -58; Philippe Aghion, Emmanuel Farhi, and Enisse Kharroubi,“Monetary Policy, Product Market Competition and Growth,”Economica86,no. 343(2019):431 -470.
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1704517819 [33]自动稳定器是指税收和政府支出针对经济条件的变化而调整,不需要经过任何立法行动。例如在经济扩张期,由于消费和就业增加,政府的所得税和工薪税收入也会增加,失业金等转移支付项目的支出则会减少。相反在经济衰退期,政府的税收减少与福利支出增加将有助于维持经济活动。
1704517820
1704517821 [34]Céline Antonin,“La fatalité grecque: un scénario prévisible?”Lettredel’OFCE323, September 21,2010,1 -4, https: // halshs. archives-ouvertes. fr/ hal 01023902 /.
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1704517823 [35]Département analyse et prévision de l’OFCE,“Évaluation de l’impact économique de la pandémie de COVID-19 et des mesures de confinement sur l’économie mondiale en avril 2020,”OFCEPolicyBrief, no. 69, June 2020.
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1704517825 [36]危机之后出现的一个共识是,监管机构应该把宏观审慎的内容纳入考虑。《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》不仅强化了对资本金的要求,还加入了反周期缓冲,占资产总额的0~2.5%。《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》允许在借款加速时期提高资本金要求,在经济下滑期放松要求。
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