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1704603341
24 参见K. Marx, [1867] 1999, Das Kapital, trans. S. Moore and E. Aveling (New York: Gateway), chapter 15, section 4, Kindle; C. Dickens, [1854] 2017, Hard Times (Amazon Classics), chapter 5, Kindle。
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25 凯—沙特尔沃斯认为，“引擎运转的时候，人们必须工作。男人、女人以及儿童被钢铁和蒸汽束缚着……操作员们必须坚持不懈地劳动，要和机械动力那数学般精确的精度、不间断的运转以及不知疲倦做斗争”。（1832, The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes Employed in the Cotton Manufacture in Manchester,Manchester: Harrisons & Crosfield）
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26 关于工厂以及对工厂的不满，参见P. Gaskell, 1833, The Manufacturing Population of England, Its Moral, Social, and Physical Conditions (London: Baldwin and Cradock), 16。
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27 Landes, 1969, The Unbound Prometheus, 2.
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28 P. Gaskell, 1833, The Manufacturing Population of England, 12 and 341.
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29 Marx, [1867] 1999, Das Kapital, chapter 15, section 5.
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30 C. Babbage, 1832, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (London: Charles Knight), 266-67.
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31 A. Ure, 1835, The Philosophy of Manufactures (London: Charles Knight), 220.
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32 E. Baines, 1835, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher, and P. Jackson), 452.
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33 出处同上，460。
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34 出处同上，435。
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35 J. Humphries and B. Schneider, forthcoming, “Spinning the Industrial Revolution,” Economic History Review.
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36 J. Humphries, 2010, Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 342.
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37 R. C. Allen, forthcoming, “The Hand-Loom Weaver and the Power Loom: A Schumpeterian Perspective,” European Review of Economic History.
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38 Humphries, 2010, Childhood and Child Labour.
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39 Allen, forthcoming, “The Hand-Loom Weaver and the Power Loom”.
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40 D. Bythell, 1969, The Handloom Weavers: A Study in the English Cotton Industry during the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 139.
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41 C. Nardinelli, 1986, “Technology and Unemployment: The Case of the Handloom Weavers,” Southern Economic Journal 53 (1): 87-94.
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42 关于技术与周期性失业，出处同上。
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43 J. Fielden, 2013, Curse of the Factory System (London: Routledge).
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44 关于城镇移民，参见J. Humphries and T. Leunig, 2009, “Was Dick Whittington Taller Than Those He Left Behind? Anthropometric Measures, Migration and the Quality of Life in Early Nineteenth-Century London,” Explorations in Economic History 46 (1): 120-31；J. Long, 2005, “Rural-Urban Migration and Socioeconomic Mobility in Victorian Britain,” Journal of Economic History 65 (1): 1-35；M. Anderson, 1990, “The Social Implications of Demographic Change,” in The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950, vol. 2: People and Their Environment, ed. F.M.L. Thompson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 1-70；H. R. Southall, 1991, “The Tramping Artisan Revisits: Labour Mobility and Economic Distress in Early Victorian England,” Economic History Review 44 (2): 272-96。关于工业革命期间的城镇移民的概述，参见P. Wallis, 2014, “Labour Markets and Training,” in The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, vol. 1, Industrialisation, 1700–1870, ed. R. Floud, J. Humphries, and P. Johnson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 178-210。
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45 A. Ure, 1835, The Philosophy of Manufactures (London: Charles Knight), 20.
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46 引自P. Gaskell, 1833, The Manufacturing Population of England, 174。
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47 早期的珍妮纺纱机对成年人来说很“别扭”，9—12岁的儿童使用起来却“很灵活”。（M. Berg, 2005, The Age of Manufactures, 1700–1820: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain [London: Routledge], 146）
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48 C. Tuttle, 1999, Hard at Work in Factories and Mines: The Economics of Child Labor during the British Industrial Revolution (Boulder, CO: Westview Press), 110.
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