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18 引自A. H. Raskin, 1955, “Pattern for Tomorrow’s Industry?,” New York Times, December 18。
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19 On automation and health, see O. R. Walmer, 1956, “Workers’ Health in an Era of Automation,” Monthly Labor Review 79 (7): 819–23.
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20 出处同上,821。
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21 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1963, 1962 Agricultural Statistics (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office).
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22 关于机动车以及节省的时间,参见A. L. Olmstead and P. W. Rhode, 2001, “Reshaping the Landscape: The Impact and Diffusion of the Tractor in American Agriculture, 1910–1960,” Journal of Economic History 61 (3): 663–98. See also M. R. Cooper, G. T. Barton, and A. P. Brodell, 1947, “Progress of Farm Mechanization,” USDA Miscellaneous Publication 630 (October)。
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23 Nye, 1990, Electrifying America, 15.
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24 Jerome, 1934, “Mechanization in Industry,” 131.
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25 出处同上,134。
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26 在1940—1980年间,美国经济新增了2450万个白领工作岗位,白领就业率增长了10.8个百分点,其中文书工作几乎占了全部增长。此外新增了1990万个专业和管理岗位,截至1980年,它们占总就业人数的27.8%。
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27 Jerome, 1934, “Mechanization in Industry,” 173.
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28 Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, table 8–1.
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29 出处同上,257。
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30 引自D. L. Lewis, 1986, “The Automobile in America: The Industry,” Wilson Quarterly 10 (5): 53。
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31 关于公司福利项目,参见Nye, 1990, Electrifying America, 215。
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32 Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, 279.
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33 L. Hartz, 1955, The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt).
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34 J. Cowie, 2016, The Great Exception: The New Deal and the Limits of American Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
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35 H. G. 刘易斯(H. G. Lewis)的开创性研究表明,在新政时期,工会工资溢价在38%左右波动,而在二战后的几年里,溢价基本为零。尽管20世纪50年代工会工资溢价重新出现,但只占当时工人薪酬的15%。(参见H. G. Lewis, 1963, Unionism and Relative Wages in the U.S.: An Empirical Inquiry [Chicago: Chicago University Press])其他研究表明工会成员的工资优势随着时间、职位和行业的变化而发生了极大的变化。(参见C. J. Parsley, 1980, “Labor Union Effects on Wage Gains: A Survey of Recent Literature,” Journal of Economic Literature 18[1]: 1–31;G. E. Johnson, 1975, “Economic Analysis of Trade Unionism,” The American Economic Review 65 [2]: 23–28.)
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36 W. K. Stevens, 1968, “Automation Keeps Struck Phone System,” New York Times, April 20.
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37 詹姆斯·贝森认为:“实际上在19世纪后半叶,虽然纺织工人工会规模小、效率低,但纺织工人的工资已经上涨了。使用贝塞麦法生产的钢铁工人的工资比手工炼铁工人高得多,虽然贝塞麦法生产钢铁在最初几十年里不断失败,但工人们每天只工作8小时。”(2015, Learning by Doing: The Real Connection between Innovation, Wages, and Wealth [New Haven, CT: Yale University Press], 86)
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38 Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, 282.
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39 M. Alexopoulos and J. Cohen, 2016, “The Medium Is the Measure: Technical Change and Employment, 1909–1949,” Review of Economics and Statistics 98(4): 793.
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40 关于电气行业,参见T. C. Martin, 1905, “Electrical Machinery, Apparatus, and Supplies,” in Census of Manufactures, 1905 (Washington, DC: United States Bureau of the Census), 157–225。
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41 关于热门行业的就业,参见J. Bessen, 2018, “Automation and Jobs: When Technology Boosts Employment” (Law and Economics Paper 17–09, Boston University School of Law)。
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42 一家主要的收音机和电视机制造商在生产电视接收机时采用了新机器,导致工资上涨。由于工作条件的不同和工作职责的增加,新岗位设定的工资比非熟练装配工人的工资高5%—15%。一家使用节省劳动力技术的电气设备制造商同样创造了收入更高的新工作。参见Rothberg, 1960, “Adjustment to Automation in Two Firms,” 80。
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