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3 由于美国从未经历过封建制，所以在这方面它是一个特例。
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4 Fukuyama, 2014, Political Order and Political Decay, 407–8.
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5 出处同上，405。
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6 W. H. Maehl, 1967, The Reform Bill of 1832: Why Not Revolution? (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston), 1.
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7 T. Aidt and R. Franck, 2015, “Democratization under the Threat of Revolution: Evidence from the Great Reform Act of 1832,” Econometrica 83 (2): 505–47.
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8 D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, 2006, “Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective,” American Political Science Review 100 (1): 115–31.
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9 G. Himmelfarb, 1968, Victorian Minds (New York: Knopf).
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10 林德特认为这种联系在1930年后就不那么明显了。原因很简单，现在大多数发达经济体在民主程度上的差异很小。（P. H. Lindert, 2004, Growing Public, vol. 1, The Story: Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the Eighteenth Century [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press]）
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11 A. de Tocqueville, 1840, Democracy in America, trans. H. Reeve (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), 2
:237.
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12 J. S. Hacker and P. Pierson, 2010, Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class (New York: Simon & Schuster), 77–78.
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13 出处同上。
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14 引自Lindert, 2004, Growing Public, 64。
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15 关于庇护主义，参见Fukuyama, 2014, Political Order and Political Decay, chapter 9。
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16 R. Oestreicher, 1988, “Urban Working-Class Political Behavior and Theories of American Electoral Politics, 1870–1940,” Journal of American History 74 (4): 1257–86.
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17 Lindert, 2004, Growing Public, 187.
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18 R. D. Putnam, 2016, Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis (New York: Simon & Schuster), 7.
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19 R. J. Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 503.
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20 R. A. Dahl, 1961, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 1.
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21 N. McCarty, K. T. Poole, and H. Rosenthal, 2016, Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 2.
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22 L. M. Bartels, 2016, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 1.
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23 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Social Expenditure—Aggregated Data,” accessed December 22, 2018, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SOCX_AGG.
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24 McCarty, Poole, and Rosenthal, 2016, Polarized America, 4.
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25 出处同上。
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26 Bartels, 2016, Unequal Democracy, 2.
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27 出处同上，209。
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