打字猴:1.704605023e+09
1704605023
1704605024  3  由于美国从未经历过封建制,所以在这方面它是一个特例。
1704605025
1704605026  4  Fukuyama, 2014, Political Order and Political Decay, 407–8.
1704605027
1704605028  5  出处同上,405。
1704605029
1704605030  6  W. H. Maehl, 1967, The Reform Bill of 1832: Why Not Revolution? (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston), 1.
1704605031
1704605032  7  T. Aidt and R. Franck, 2015, “Democratization under the Threat of Revolution: Evidence from the Great Reform Act of 1832,” Econometrica 83 (2): 505–47.
1704605033
1704605034  8  D. Acemoglu and J. A. Robinson, 2006, “Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective,” American Political Science Review 100 (1): 115–31.
1704605035
1704605036  9  G. Himmelfarb, 1968, Victorian Minds (New York: Knopf).
1704605037
1704605038  10  林德特认为这种联系在1930年后就不那么明显了。原因很简单,现在大多数发达经济体在民主程度上的差异很小。(P. H. Lindert, 2004, Growing Public, vol. 1, The Story: Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the Eighteenth Century [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press])
1704605039
1704605040  11  A. de Tocqueville, 1840, Democracy in America, trans. H. Reeve (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), 2:237.
1704605041
1704605042  12  J. S. Hacker and P. Pierson, 2010, Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class (New York: Simon & Schuster), 77–78.
1704605043
1704605044  13  出处同上。
1704605045
1704605046  14  引自Lindert, 2004, Growing Public, 64。
1704605047
1704605048  15  关于庇护主义,参见Fukuyama, 2014, Political Order and Political Decay, chapter 9。
1704605049
1704605050  16  R. Oestreicher, 1988, “Urban Working-Class Political Behavior and Theories of American Electoral Politics, 1870–1940,” Journal of American History 74 (4): 1257–86.
1704605051
1704605052  17  Lindert, 2004, Growing Public, 187.
1704605053
1704605054  18  R. D. Putnam, 2016, Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis (New York: Simon & Schuster), 7.
1704605055
1704605056  19  R. J. Gordon, 2016, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 503.
1704605057
1704605058  20  R. A. Dahl, 1961, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 1.
1704605059
1704605060  21  N. McCarty, K. T. Poole, and H. Rosenthal, 2016, Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 2.
1704605061
1704605062  22  L. M. Bartels, 2016, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 1.
1704605063
1704605064  23  Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Social Expenditure—Aggregated Data,” accessed December 22, 2018, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SOCX_AGG.
1704605065
1704605066  24  McCarty, Poole, and Rosenthal, 2016, Polarized America, 4.
1704605067
1704605068  25  出处同上。
1704605069
1704605070  26  Bartels, 2016, Unequal Democracy, 2.
1704605071
1704605072  27  出处同上,209。
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