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［5］源自David Eltis的著作，转引自Kenneth Sokoloff的“Institutions, Factor Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World” (UCLA, working paper, 2000)。
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1704622993
［6］亚当·斯密，《国富论》，上卷第11章，商务印书馆1972年版，第243～244页。
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［7］Kathy He, Randall Morck, and Bernard Yeung, “Corporate Stability and Economic Growth” (New York University, working paper).
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1704622997
［8］Stanley Engerman and Kenneth Sokoloff, “Factor Endowments, Institutions, and Differential Paths of Growing among New World Economies: A View from Economic Historians of the United States,” NBER historical working paper no. 66, 1994.
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1704622999
［9］D. Acemoglu, S. Johnson, and J. Robison, “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Study,” American Economic Review 91 (2001): 1369-1401, on the differences in the nature of European rule based on mortality rates.
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［10］关于教育的问题，参见Kenneth Sokoloff and Stanley L. Engerman, “Institutions, Factors Endowment, and Paths of Development in the New World,” Journal of Economic Perspective 14 (2000): 217-232；关于融资的问题，参见Stephen Haber, “Financial Markets and Industrial Development: A Comparative Study of Governmental Regulation, Financial Innovation, and Industrial Structure in Brazil and Mexico, 1840-1930,” in How Latin America Fell Behind, ed. Stephen Haber(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997)。
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［11］Gabriel Kirkpatrick, “Rural Credit in North Carolina.” CUNA, www.cuna.org/dats/cu/resarch/irc/archive4_1.html.
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1704623005
［12］R. Kroszner and P. Strahan, “What Drives Deregulation? Economics and Politics of the Relaxation of Bank Branching Restrictions,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1999: 1437-1467, and Jith Jayaratne and Philip Strahan, “Entry Restrictions, Industry Evolution, and Dynamic Efficiancy: Evidence from Commercial Banking,” Journal of Law and Economics 41 (1998): 239-274.
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［13］伯莱斯先生（Mr. Bryce,国际历史研究大会的主席)在1913年4月3日的讲话，转引自E. Powell, The Evolution of the Money Market (1385-1915): A Historical and Analytical Study of the Rise and Development of Finance as a Centralized Coordinated Force (London: The Financial News, 1915), 704。
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第1章
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1704623011
［1］参见Tom Wolfe, The Bonfire of the Vanities (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1987), 229, 转引自Daniel Fischel, Payback: The Conspiracy to Destroy Michael Milken and His Revolution (New York: Harper Business, 1995)。
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1704623013
［2］Louis D. Brandeis, Other People’s Money (Washington, DC: National Home Library Foundation, 1933), 1.
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1704623015
［3］J. Stiglitz and A. Weiss, “Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information,” American Economic Review 71 (1981): 393-410.
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［4］有关抵押的研究，参见Yuk Shee Chan and Ajan V. Thakor, “Collateral and Competitive Equilibria with Moral Hazard and Private Information,” Journal of Finance 42 (1987): 345-364;D. Besanko and A. Thakor, “Collateral and Rationing: Sorting Equilibria in Monopolistic and Competitive Credit Markets,” International Economic Review 28 (1987)
:671-689。
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［5］其实，达成这笔交易需要夏洛克对那名商人怀有仇恨，否则他就不会真正去索取那一磅肉，那么追偿抵押品的威胁就不可信了。
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［6］T. Jappelli, M. Pagano, and M.Bianco, “Courts and Banks: Effects of Judicial Enforcement of Credit Markets,” CEPR working paper no. 3347, April 2002. Similar studies include M. Chiuri and T. Jappelli, “Credit Market Imperfections and Home Ownership: A Comparative Study,” CEPR discussion paper no. 2717, 2001; D. Fabbri and Mario Padula, “Judicial Costs and Household Debt,”working paper, Center for Studies in Economics and Finance, University of Salerno, Italy, 2001; Lee Alston, “Farm Foreclosure Moratorium Legislation: A Lesson from the Past,” American Economic Review 74, no. 3 (1984): 445-458; and R. Gropp, J. Scholz, and M. White, “Personal Bankruptcy and Credit Supply and Demand,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (1997): 217-251.
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［7］Gropp, Scholz, and White, “Personal Bankruptcy and Credit Supply and Demand,” 217-251.
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1704623025
［8］Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
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［9］M. Petersen and R. Rajan, “The Benefits of Lending Relationships: Evidence from Small Business Data,” Journal of Finance 49 (1994): 3-37.
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［10］Luigi Guiso and Luigi Zingales, “ The Rise of Bank Relationships,” University of Chicago, WP, 1999.
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1704623031
［11］Naomi Lamoreaux, Insider Lending: Banks, Personal Connections and Economic Development in Industrial New England (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
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［12］R. G. Rajan, “Insiders and Outsiders: The Choice between Informed and Arm’s Length Debt,” Journal of Finance 47 (1992): 1367-1400.
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［13］参见Pujo Committee report, 转引自Brandeis, Other People’s Money, 31。
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［14］E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, 1848-1885 (New York: New American Library, 1979), 242.
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［15］Harris Corporation, Business History Review, “Founding Dates of the 1994 Fortune 500 U.S. Companies,” spring 1996, 69-90.
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