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[16]J. Fear, “German Capitalism,” in Creating Modern Capitalism: How Entrepreneurs, Companies, and Countries Triumphed in Three Industrial Revolutions, ed. T. McCraw (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 181.
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[17]R. W. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 112, and the references there.
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[18]T. McCraw, “American Capitalism,” in Creating Modern Capitalism, 320.
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[19]A. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1990), 18.
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[20]R. Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller (New York: Random House, 1998), 226.
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[21]Chandler, Scale and Scope, 25.
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[22]Chernow, Titan, 288.
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[23]Chandler, Scale and Scope, 25.
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[24]Chernow, Titan, 265.
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[25]David Blau, “A Time Series Analysis of Self-Employment in the United States,” Journal of Political Economy 95, no. 3 (1987): 445-468.
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[26]有关模型参见R. Rajan and L. Zingales, “The Firm as a Dedicated Hierarchy: A Theory of the Origins and Growth of Firms,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116 (2001): 805-852。
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[27]Chandler, Scale and Scope, 598.
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[28]L. Stole and J. Zwiebel, “Organizational Design and Technology Choice under Intra-Firm Bargaining,” American Economic Review 86 (1996): 195-223, for a model of overstaffing by the owners to appropriate rents.
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[29]简单地说,垂直集中型企业使用多种激励措施,通过内部的竞争和官僚化的办事程序来降低业务对员工的依赖性,同时又利用晋升机会来避免他们过于懈怠。参见R. Rajan and L. Zingales, “The Firm as a Dedicated Hierarchy”。
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[30]Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz, “The Returns to Skill in the United States across the Twentieth Century,” NBER working paper 7126, 1999.
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[31]Dani Rodrik, “Democracies Pay Higher Wages,” NBER working paper 6364, 1998.
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第2章
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[1]有关自由化对收益率的影响,参见 Anusha Chari and Peter Henry, “Does Diversification Drive Stock Price Revaluation?” Stanford research paper no. 1677, 2001; 有关自由化对投资的影响,参见Peter Henry, “Stock Market Liberalization, Economic Reform and Emerging Market Equity Price,” Journal of Finance 55 (2000): 529-564。
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[2]从技术上讲,衍生工具是一些合同,其价值取决于(衍生于)另外一种普通证券的价值。例如,对微软公司股票的买入期权就是一种衍生工具,该期权的持有人有权利(而不是义务)在预先规定的时间里(比如3个月里),以规定的价格(比如50美元)买入微软公司的股票。假如在3个月里,微软公司的股票价格都低于50美元,那持有人就不需要行使该期权。但是假如价格高于50美元,那持有人就要行使期权,并获得行使时实际价格高于50美元的那部分收益。
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[3]这个案例的材料主要来自Peter Tufano,“How Financial Engineering Can Advance Corporate Strategy,” Harvard Business Review 79 (1996), and on Donald Collat and Peter Tufano, “The Privatization of Rhone-Poulenc,” Harvard Business School Case 9-295-049。
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[4]Kenneth Froot, “The Market for Catastrophic Risk: A Clinical Examination,” NBER working paper 8110.
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[5]数据来源于Dun and Bradstreet网站。
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[6]M. Petersen and R. Rajan, “Does Distance Still Matter? The Information Revolution in Small Business Lending,” Journal of Finance, forthcoming (2002).
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[7]Clayton Christensen, The Innovators’ Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997).
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[8]最近的一项研究对比了34个国家在1985~1998年的公司财务报表,发现总体来说美国的会计报表透明度最高。参见Utpal Bhattacharya, Hazem Daouk, Michael Welker, “The World Price of Earnings Opacity,” Indiana University working paper, 2002。
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