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［6］T. Jappelli, M. Pagano, and M.Bianco, “Courts and Banks: Effects of Judicial Enforcement of Credit Markets,” CEPR working paper no. 3347, April 2002. Similar studies include M. Chiuri and T. Jappelli, “Credit Market Imperfections and Home Ownership: A Comparative Study,” CEPR discussion paper no. 2717, 2001; D. Fabbri and Mario Padula, “Judicial Costs and Household Debt,”working paper, Center for Studies in Economics and Finance, University of Salerno, Italy, 2001; Lee Alston, “Farm Foreclosure Moratorium Legislation: A Lesson from the Past,” American Economic Review 74, no. 3 (1984): 445-458; and R. Gropp, J. Scholz, and M. White, “Personal Bankruptcy and Credit Supply and Demand,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (1997): 217-251.
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［7］Gropp, Scholz, and White, “Personal Bankruptcy and Credit Supply and Demand,” 217-251.
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［8］Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
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［9］M. Petersen and R. Rajan, “The Benefits of Lending Relationships: Evidence from Small Business Data,” Journal of Finance 49 (1994): 3-37.
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［10］Luigi Guiso and Luigi Zingales, “ The Rise of Bank Relationships,” University of Chicago, WP, 1999.
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［11］Naomi Lamoreaux, Insider Lending: Banks, Personal Connections and Economic Development in Industrial New England (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
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［12］R. G. Rajan, “Insiders and Outsiders: The Choice between Informed and Arm’s Length Debt,” Journal of Finance 47 (1992): 1367-1400.
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［13］参见Pujo Committee report, 转引自Brandeis, Other People’s Money, 31。
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［14］E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, 1848-1885 (New York: New American Library, 1979), 242.
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［15］Harris Corporation, Business History Review, “Founding Dates of the 1994 Fortune 500 U.S. Companies,” spring 1996, 69-90.
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［16］J. Fear, “German Capitalism,” in Creating Modern Capitalism: How Entrepreneurs, Companies, and Countries Triumphed in Three Industrial Revolutions, ed. T. McCraw (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 181.
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［17］R. W. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 112, and the references there.
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［18］T. McCraw, “American Capitalism,” in Creating Modern Capitalism, 320.
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［19］A. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1990), 18.
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［20］R. Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller (New York: Random House, 1998), 226.
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［21］Chandler, Scale and Scope, 25.
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［22］Chernow, Titan, 288.
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［23］Chandler, Scale and Scope, 25.
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［24］Chernow, Titan, 265.
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［25］David Blau, “A Time Series Analysis of Self-Employment in the United States,” Journal of Political Economy 95, no. 3 (1987): 445-468.
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［26］有关模型参见R. Rajan and L. Zingales, “The Firm as a Dedicated Hierarchy: A Theory of the Origins and Growth of Firms,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116 (2001): 805-852。
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［27］Chandler, Scale and Scope, 598.
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［28］L. Stole and J. Zwiebel, “Organizational Design and Technology Choice under Intra-Firm Bargaining,” American Economic Review 86 (1996): 195-223, for a model of overstaffing by the owners to appropriate rents.
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［29］简单地说，垂直集中型企业使用多种激励措施，通过内部的竞争和官僚化的办事程序来降低业务对员工的依赖性，同时又利用晋升机会来避免他们过于懈怠。参见R. Rajan and L. Zingales, “The Firm as a Dedicated Hierarchy”。
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［30］Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz, “The Returns to Skill in the United States across the Twentieth Century,” NBER working paper 7126, 1999.
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