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[7]同上,第270页。
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[8]Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (New York: Ballantine Books, 1979), 42-44, and Weatherford, History of Money, 69.
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[9]Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood, 298.
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[10]Richard Pipes, Property and Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999), 17-18.
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[11]North and Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment.”
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[12]Henry Hallam, Constitutional History of England (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1876), 26.
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[13]Bruce Carruthers, City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), 122.
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[14]North and Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment,” 822-824.
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[15]North and Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment.”
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[16]Carruthers, City of Capital, 122.
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[17]S. E. Finer, The History of Government, vol. 3 (London: Oxford Press, 1997), 1271.
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[18]H. Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Mediaeval Europe (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1937), 63.
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[19]Lawrence Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), 97.
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[20]C. G. A. Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change: England, 1500-1700 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 70.
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[21]同上,第83页。
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[22]关于乡绅们有更大的积极性利用新知识,参见H. J. Habakkuk, “The Market for Monastic Property, 1539-1603,” Economic History Review 10, no. 3 (1987): 362-380, and Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change。本段引自R. H. Tawney, “The Rise of the Gentry, 1558-1640,” Economic History Review 11 (1949): 16。
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[23]G. G. Coulton, The Mediaeval Village (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1925), 13.
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[24]同上,第39页。
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[25]Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy, 121.
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[26]Finer, The History of Government,1338.
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[27]很多历史学家都引用Arthur Young的调查。参见Robert Allen, Enclosure and the Yeoman: The Agricultural Development of the South Midlands, 1450-1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992),其中有Arthur Young的研究目录。
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[28]令人信服的分析参见 Allen, Enclosure and the Yeoman。
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[29]关于生产率提高的过程,参见Gregory Clark, “Yields per Acre in English Agriculture, 1250-1860: Evidence from Labor Inputs,” Economic History Review 44 (1991): 445-460,有关争论参见Allen, Enclosure and the Yeoman。
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[30]Tawney, “The Rise of the Gentry,” 75.
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[31]Hallam, Constitutional History of England, 55.
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