打字猴:1.70462343e+09
1704623430
1704623431 [7]同上,第270页。
1704623432
1704623433 [8]Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (New York: Ballantine Books, 1979), 42-44, and Weatherford, History of Money, 69.
1704623434
1704623435 [9]Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood, 298.
1704623436
1704623437 [10]Richard Pipes, Property and Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999), 17-18.
1704623438
1704623439 [11]North and Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment.”
1704623440
1704623441 [12]Henry Hallam, Constitutional History of England (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1876), 26.
1704623442
1704623443 [13]Bruce Carruthers, City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996), 122.
1704623444
1704623445 [14]North and Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment,” 822-824.
1704623446
1704623447 [15]North and Weingast, “Constitutions and Commitment.”
1704623448
1704623449 [16]Carruthers, City of Capital, 122.
1704623450
1704623451 [17]S. E. Finer, The History of Government, vol. 3 (London: Oxford Press, 1997), 1271.
1704623452
1704623453 [18]H. Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Mediaeval Europe (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1937), 63.
1704623454
1704623455 [19]Lawrence Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), 97.
1704623456
1704623457 [20]C. G. A. Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change: England, 1500-1700 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 70.
1704623458
1704623459 [21]同上,第83页。
1704623460
1704623461 [22]关于乡绅们有更大的积极性利用新知识,参见H. J. Habakkuk, “The Market for Monastic Property, 1539-1603,” Economic History Review 10, no. 3 (1987): 362-380, and Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change。本段引自R. H. Tawney, “The Rise of the Gentry, 1558-1640,” Economic History Review 11 (1949): 16。
1704623462
1704623463 [23]G. G. Coulton, The Mediaeval Village (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1925), 13.
1704623464
1704623465 [24]同上,第39页。
1704623466
1704623467 [25]Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy, 121.
1704623468
1704623469 [26]Finer, The History of Government,1338.
1704623470
1704623471 [27]很多历史学家都引用Arthur Young的调查。参见Robert Allen, Enclosure and the Yeoman: The Agricultural Development of the South Midlands, 1450-1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992),其中有Arthur Young的研究目录。
1704623472
1704623473 [28]令人信服的分析参见 Allen, Enclosure and the Yeoman。
1704623474
1704623475 [29]关于生产率提高的过程,参见Gregory Clark, “Yields per Acre in English Agriculture, 1250-1860: Evidence from Labor Inputs,” Economic History Review 44 (1991): 445-460,有关争论参见Allen, Enclosure and the Yeoman。
1704623476
1704623477 [30]Tawney, “The Rise of the Gentry,” 75.
1704623478
1704623479 [31]Hallam, Constitutional History of England, 55.
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