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［35］John Donne，Meditations XVII，Devotions upon Emergent Occasions (London: Nonesuch Press，1962),quote P.538.Richard H. Tawney，“Poverty as an Industrial Problem,” in Memoranda on the Problems of Poverty (London: William Morris Press，1913).
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［36］Adam Smith，An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (London: Routledge，1903，first published 1776)，quote p. 78. Milton Friedman and Simon Kuznets，Income from Indepen dent Professional Practice (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research，1945),quote p.84.
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［37］若了解更多关于等价尺度的信息，请参见Anthony B. Atkinson，Bea Cantillon，Eric Marlier，and Brian Nolan，Social Indicators (Oxford: Oxford University Press，2002)，98-101。
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［38］See Rolf Aaberge，Audun Langrgen，and Petter Lindgren，“The Distributional Impact of Public Services in European Countries,” Statistics Norway Research Department Discussion Paper 746 (2013)，http://www.ssb.no/en/forskning/discussion-papers/_attachment/123883?_ts=13f50d54ab8.
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［39］这些数据来源于世界顶级收入数据库（World Top Incomes Database，WTID）: http://topincomes.gmond.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/.
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［40］George Eliot，Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe (Edinburgh: William Blackwood，1861).
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［41］Bill Gates，“Why Inequality Matters,” review of Piketty，Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2014)，http://www.gatesnotes.com/Books/Why-Inequality-Matters-Capital-in-21st-Century-Review.
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［42］Dirk Krueger and Fabrizio Perri，“Does Income Inequality Lead to Consumption Inequality?” Review of Economic Studies 73 (2006): 163-193，quote p. 163. Dale Jorgenson，“Did We Lose the War on Poverty?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (1998): 79-96，quote p. 79. Bruce D. Meyer and James X. Sullivan，“Winning the War: Poverty from the Great Society to the Great Recession,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Fall 2012): 163-193，quote p. 163.
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［43］Orazio Attanasio，Erik Hurst，and Luigi Pistaferri，“The Evolution of Income，Consumption，and Leisure Inequality in the US，1980-2010,” NBER Working Paper No. 17982，April 2012，http://papers.nber.org/tmp/69610-w17982.pdf.
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［44］Mark A. Aguiar and Mark Bils，“Has Consumption Inequality Mirrored Income Inequality?” NBER Working Paper No. 16807，http://papers.nber.org/tmp/69610-w17982.pdf，quote p. 2.
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［45］John Sabelhaus et al.，“Is the Consumer Expenditure Survey Representative by Income?” Finance and Economics Discussion Series，Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs，Federal Reserve Board，Washington，D.C.
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［46］Jonathan D. Fisher，David S. Johnson，and Timothy M. Smeeding，“Measuring the Trends in Inequality of Individuals and Families: Income and Consumption,” American Economic Review，Papers and Proceedings 103 (2013): 184-188，quote p. 187.
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［47］B. Seebohm Rowntree，Poverty: A Study of Town Life (London: Longmans，Green and Co.，1901，new ed. 1922)，quote p. 117.
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［48］Mollie Orshansky，“Counting the Poor: Another Look at the Poverty Profile,” Social Security Bulletin 28 (1965): 3-29，Table E on p. 28.
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［49］James Tobin，“On Limiting the Domain of Inequality,” Journal of Law and Economics 13 (1970): 263-277,引自第264页。 Tobin的文章现在非常值得一读。他在耶鲁大学工作，获得过诺贝尔奖。Tobin曾供职于肯尼迪总统的经济顾问委员会。当政府邀请他担任这一职位时，他起先拒绝了邀约，认为自己只是一名“象牙塔里的经济学家”。肯尼迪回复说：“教授，这没什么问题，我这个总统就是你所说的‘象牙塔里的总统’。” (Obituary for James Tobin in Yale Bulletin and Calendar，vol. 30，no. 22，15 March 2002)。
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［50］Alessio Fusco，Anne-Catherine Guio，and Eric Marlier，“Characterising the Income Poor and the Materially Deprived in European Countries,” in Atkinson and Marlier,Income and Living Conditions in Europe，pp. 133-153.
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［51］Brian Barry，“Social Exclusion，Social Isolation and the Distribution of Income,” CASEpaper 12，Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion，London School of Economics，quote p. 8.
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［52］Barbara Wootton,The Social Foundations of Wage Policy (London: Allen and Unwin，1955).
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［53］有些网站很有意思，你只要输入自己的收入，它们就可以告诉你在本国的收入分配中处于什么位置。GivingWhatYouCan建立的这个网站适用于很多国家: https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/get-involved/how-rich-am-i；美国读者可参考这个网站http://www.whatsmypercent.com/；英国财政研究所也建立了类似网站http://www.ifs.org.uk/wheredoyoufitin/。
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［54］Jan Pen,Income Distribution (London: Allen Lane，1971)，quote p. 9.
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［55］Polly Toynbee and David Walker，Unjust Rewards (London: Granta，2009)，quote p. 25.
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［56］参见图1.1的数据来源。
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［57］英国财政研究所的网站：参见图1.2的数据来源。
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［58］各个种族之间的收入差距是一个很重要的课题，但本书没有讨论它。就2013年美国的最高收入而言，5.7%的非西班牙裔白人家庭全年现金总收入超过20万美元（税前收入，不包括非现金福利）。达到同等收入水平的黑人家庭和西班牙裔家庭的比率只有前者的1/3（即1.8%）。（与此形成对比的是，达到同等收入水平的亚裔家庭的比重高达8.5%）这些数据来源于美国人口普查局Income，Poverty，and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2013，表A.1在2010-2013年间（采用三年移动平均值），22%的英国家庭年收入超过52000英镑。达到同样收入水平的亚洲/亚裔英国家庭的比重超过了这一数值，达到25%，但达到同样收入水平的黑人/非裔/加勒比海人/黑种英国人家庭的比重为16%，同样收入的孟加拉裔家庭的比重为11%。这些数据来源于英国就业和退休保障部的Family Resources Survey (FRS) United Kingdom，2012/13 (London: Department of Work and Pensions，2014)，表2.6。
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［59］http://www.infoplease.com/business/economy/cost-living-index-us-cities. html，本网页下载于2015年1月1日。
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