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［23］Hsu, “The Rise and Rise of the One Percent,” quote p. 4.
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［24］Joseph Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality (London: Allen Lane, 2012), quote p. 64.
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［25］John T. Addison, Claus Schnabel, and Joachim Wagner, “The (Parlous) State of German Unions,” Politics and Society 28 (2007): 3-18, figures from p. 8.
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［26］Ben Roberts, “Trade Union Behavior and Wage Determination in Great Britain,” in John T. Dunlop, ed., The Theory of Wage Determination (London: Macmillan, 1957), 107-122, quote p. 110.
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［27］See, for example, Bruno Palier and Kathleen Thelen, “Institutionalising Dualism: Complementarities and Change in France and Germany,” Politics and Society 38 (2010): 119-148; and Patrick Emmenegger, “From Drift to Layering
:The Politics of Job Security Regulations in Western Europe,” Politics and Society (2015).
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［28］Colin Crouch, “The Snakes and Ladders of 21st Century Trade Unionism,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 16 (2000): 70-83, quote p. 77.
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［29］面对不断上涨（或下跌）的价格和实际收入，福利与税收门槛的指数化是一个重要问题，但不在本书的讨论范围内。欧洲的研究表明，对于贫困演化来说，指数化率可能比明确的政策改革更重要：参见Alari Paulus, Holly Sutherlandand Iva Tasseva，Indexation Matters: The Distributional Impact of Fiscal Policy Changes in Cross-National Perspective，University of Essex, December 2014。
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第5章 未来的就业与工资
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［1］Jean-Claude Juncker, A New Start for Europe: My Agenda for Jobs, Growth, Fairness and Democratic Change: Political Guidelines for the Next European Commission (Brussels: European Commission, 2014).
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［2］Robert Salais, Nicolas Barerez and Bénédicte Reynaud，L’invention du chomage（Paris：Presses Universitaires de France，1986）。正如他们所说的，法语和英语存在一种有意思的区别。法语词反映的是早期的不同用法，它指的是“在白天最热的时候休息一下,”而据《牛津英语大词典》称，“失业”这个词最早也是在1895年才开始成为英国人的常用词。
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［3］Michael J. Piore, “Historical Perspective and the Interpretation of Unemployment,”Journal of Economic Literature 25 (1987): 1834-1850, quote p. 1836.
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［4］Leslie Hannah,Inventing Retirement(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), quote p. 21.
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［5］Isaac M. Rubinow,Social Insurance(New York: H. Holt, 1913), quote p. 304.
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［6］Kees Le Blansch et al., “Atypical Work in the EU,” Social Affairs Series, SOCI 106 EN (2000), Directorate-General for Research, European Parliament L-2929 Luxembourg.
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［7］Günther Schmid, “Non-Standard Employment in Europe: Its Development and Consequences for the European Employment Strategy,”German Policy Studies 7 (2001): 171-210, quote p. 171.
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［8］OECD,Employment Outlook 2014(Paris: OECD, 2014), quote p. 144.
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［9］James Manyika, Susan Lund, Byron Auguste, and Sreenivas Ramaswamy, “Help Wanted: The Future of Work in Advanced Economies,” McKinsey Global Institute Discussion Paper, March 2012, quote pp. 3 and 4.
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［10］Schmid, “Non-Standard Employment,” quote p. 175.
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［11］Günther Schmid,Full Employment in Europe (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2008), Table 5.1。公务员和士兵被包含在“标准就业”类中。
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［12］European Trade Union Institute,Benchmarking Working Europe 2012 (Brussels: ETUI, 2012), quote p. 31.
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［13］European Commission,Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2013(Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014).
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［14］Eurostat website,Employed Persons with a Second Job(http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00074), downloaded 27 October 2014, series tps00074.
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［15］The Guardian, 28 October 2014, G2, quote p. 12.
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［16］Andrea Brandolini and Eliana Viviano, “Extensive versus Intensive Margin: Changing Perspective on the Employment Rate,” paper for Conference on Comparative EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), Austria, Vienna, December 2012.
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［17］International Labour Organisation, “Part-Time Work: Solution or Trap?”International Labour Review 136 (1997): 557-578, quote pp. 562-563.
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