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［3］Michael J. Piore, “Historical Perspective and the Interpretation of Unemployment,”Journal of Economic Literature 25 (1987): 1834-1850, quote p. 1836.
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［4］Leslie Hannah,Inventing Retirement(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), quote p. 21.
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［5］Isaac M. Rubinow,Social Insurance(New York: H. Holt, 1913), quote p. 304.
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［6］Kees Le Blansch et al., “Atypical Work in the EU,” Social Affairs Series, SOCI 106 EN (2000), Directorate-General for Research, European Parliament L-2929 Luxembourg.
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［7］Günther Schmid, “Non-Standard Employment in Europe: Its Development and Consequences for the European Employment Strategy,”German Policy Studies 7 (2001): 171-210, quote p. 171.
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［8］OECD,Employment Outlook 2014(Paris: OECD, 2014), quote p. 144.
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［9］James Manyika, Susan Lund, Byron Auguste, and Sreenivas Ramaswamy, “Help Wanted: The Future of Work in Advanced Economies,” McKinsey Global Institute Discussion Paper, March 2012, quote pp. 3 and 4.
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［10］Schmid, “Non-Standard Employment,” quote p. 175.
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［11］Günther Schmid,Full Employment in Europe (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2008), Table 5.1。公务员和士兵被包含在“标准就业”类中。
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［12］European Trade Union Institute,Benchmarking Working Europe 2012 (Brussels: ETUI, 2012), quote p. 31.
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［13］European Commission,Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2013(Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014).
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［14］Eurostat website,Employed Persons with a Second Job(http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tps00074), downloaded 27 October 2014, series tps00074.
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［15］The Guardian, 28 October 2014, G2, quote p. 12.
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［16］Andrea Brandolini and Eliana Viviano, “Extensive versus Intensive Margin: Changing Perspective on the Employment Rate,” paper for Conference on Comparative EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), Austria, Vienna, December 2012.
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［17］International Labour Organisation, “Part-Time Work: Solution or Trap?”International Labour Review 136 (1997): 557-578, quote pp. 562-563.
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［18］European Commission,Employment and Social Developments, quote p.41, Chart 28.
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［19］Richard A. Musgrave,The Theory of Public Finance(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959).
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［20］Joseph A. Kershaw,Government against Poverty(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1970),quote p.91.
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［21］Peter Gottschalk, “The Impact of Changes in Public Employment on Low-Wage Labor Markets,” in Richard B. Freeman and Peter Gottschalk, eds.,Generating Jobs: How to Increase Demand for Less-Skilled Workers(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998), quote p. 83.
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［22］Robert H. Haveman, “The Dutch Social Employment Program,” in John L. Palmer, ed.,Creating Jobs(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1978): 241-270, quote p. 243.
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［23］Hyman P. Minsky,Stabilizing an Unstable Economy（New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986）。明斯基计划的预计成本是国民生产总值的0.055%，涉及约200万名工人。2014年9月，美国的失业总人口是930万人（Bureau of Labor Statistics News Release, U.S. Department of Labor,The Employment Situation—September 2014, USDL-14-1796）。
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［24］根据零时工作合同，雇主可以将雇员的工作小时设定为全职至零小时不等。禁止此类合同的理由很充分，但不论怎样，这类合同在英国的合法性已经受到了质疑：参见Ewan McGaughey, “Are Zero Hours Contracts Lawful?” 29 November 2014, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2531913。
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［25］Kershaw, Government against Poverty, quote p. 92.
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［26］Established in 2014, see http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1079.
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［27］David T. Ellwood and Elisabeth Welty, “Public Service Employment and Mandatory Work: A Policy Whose Time Has Come and Gone and Come Again?” in Rebecca Blank and David Card, eds., Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001): 299-372, quote p. 300.
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