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(b) The children were dressed every morning by their mother.(孩子们每天早晨由母亲为他们穿衣服。)
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(a) His bills are paid,so he owes nothing now.(他的账全部付清,现在他一文钱都不欠人家的了。)
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(b) His bill are paid regularly on the first of every month.(他定规在每月一日付账。)
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上举的(a)例表示状态的持续,(b)例表示动作的完成。前者是静态的,后者是动态的。在后者句中通常是带得有副词,如上例中的 every morning 及 regularly 等等。
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又如 He is buried at Westminster.是表状态。
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He was buried yesterday.是表动作。
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She was dressed in black.是表状态。
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She dressed herself in black.是表状态。
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他动词用被动语态的形式是很普通的用法,但在意味上有这种区别是值得注意的。自动词本来是没有被动语态的,但有某些特定的自动词,却具有“be+自动词的过去分词”的形式,用来表示事物的状态(state)或结果(result)。
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He was married.(= He married.)(他结婚了。)
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The train was stopped.(= The train stopped.)(火车停止了。)
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We were agreed to go.(= We agreed to go.)(我们都同意去。)
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I was determined to go.(= I determined to go.)(我决心去。)
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如最后一例,两种说法虽则用了等号,但要加以分别的话,也可以说: I determined 只是表示单纯的决心而已, I was determined 则表示毅然决然的样子,因为早已在那种决心的状态中了。
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我们决不可把它作为被动语态看待,最好把那个“自动词的过去分词”当作一个形容词,就好解释了。例如:
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The sun is risen.(= The sun has risen and is now in the sky.)(太阳出来了。)
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The sun is set.(太阳落山了。)
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My money is gone!(我的钱都完了。)
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She found that her strength was gone.(她发觉她的气力都没有了。)
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Spring is come.(春满人间。)
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All the guests are arrived.(客人都到齐了。)
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We are gathered here this morning.(今天早上我们大家聚集一堂。)
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He is dressed elegantly.(= He dresses elegantly.)(他衣着华丽。)
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