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本话题还可引出知识社会学的讨论。我们应该对传播研究各个流派对历史的书写方式及后面的意识形态保持警惕，它会使人忽视对立流派之间过渡地带的精彩风景。不仅他人的叙述会导致僵化的刻板印象，不同流派出于不同目的，也在建构着关于自己的单一形象。哥伦比亚学派诸多受人诟病之处，其根源正在于给自己贴上了简单的标签。在这一交互的、累积的学科叙事建构过程中，不少传统理论框架无法解释的矛盾和可能性被忽略或掩盖。这一现象提醒我们，重新审视灰色地带对于解放传播学的想象力是多么必要。
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[1]Jefferson Pooley, “The New History of Mass Communication Research，” in David W. Park, Jefferson Pooley, eds., The History of Media and Communication Research: Contested Memories, New York: Peter Lang, 2008.
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[2]Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties: From World War I to the Cold War, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
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[3]Christopher Simpson, Science of Coercion: Communication Research and Psychological Warfare, 1945—1960, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
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[4]David Morisson, “Opportunity Structure and the Creation of Knowledge: Paul Lazarsfeld and the Political Research，” in David W. Park, Jefferson Pooley, eds., The History of Media and Communication Research: Contested Memories, New York: Peter Lang, 2008.
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[5]参见本书第七章。
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[6]Everett M. Rogers, A History of Communication Study: A Biographical Approach, New York: The Free Press, 1994, pp.292—293.
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[7]Hadley Cantril, The Invasion from Mars: a Study in the Psychology of Panic, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940.严格来说，坎特里尔并不属于应用社会研究局的成员。事实上，他是最初洛克菲勒基金会普林斯顿广播研究项目的倡导者和负责人，他推荐拉扎斯菲尔德负责此项目，并在此期间与哥迪特、赫佐格完成了关于火星人入侵的广播剧的研究。但后来因为与拉扎斯菲尔德的矛盾，他退出了该项目，广播研究所也随拉扎斯菲尔德迁至哥伦比亚大学。从研究方法和理念来看，坎特里尔与后来的应用社会研究局基本一致，所以只能勉强算作哥伦比亚学派的外围成员之一——尽管他并不是该校和该局的成员。
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[8]Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson and Hazel Gaudet, The People’s Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Election, New York: Columbia University Press, 1948.
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[9]Elihu Katz and Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communication, Glencoe, IL: Free Press. 1955.
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[10]Robert Merton, Marjorie Fiske and Alberta Curtis, Mass Persuasion: The Social Psychology of a War Bond Drive, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1946.
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[11]Herta Herzog, “On Borrowed Experience，” Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, 11（1）, 1941, pp.65—95.
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[12]James Coleman, Elihu Katz and Herbert Menzel, Medical Innovation: A Diffusion Study, Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merril Company, 1966.
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[13]Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East, Glencoe, IL: Free Press. 1958.
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[14]Joseph T. Clapper, The Effects of Mass Communication, New York: Free Press, 1967.
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[15]Todd Gitlin, “Media Sociology: The Dominant Paradigm，” Theory and Society, 6, 1978.
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[16]〔美〕C.赖特•米尔斯：《社会学的想象力》，陈强、张永强译，北京：生活•读书•新知三联书店2001年版。
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[17]〔法〕迪尔凯姆：《社会学方法的准则》，狄玉明译，北京：商务印书馆2004年版，第54—82页。
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[18]〔美〕大卫•E.莫里森：《寻找方法：焦点小组和大众传播研究的发展》，柯惠新、王宁译，北京：新华出版社2004年版，第126页。
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[19]〔美〕C.赖特•米尔斯：《社会学的想象力》，陈强、张永强译，北京：生活•读书•新知三联书店2001年版。
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[20]Todd Gitlin, “Media Sociology: The Dominant Paradigm，” Theory and Society, 6, 1978.
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[21]James W. Carey, “A Cultural Approach to Communication，” Communication as Culture, New York: Routledge, 1989, pp.11—28.
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[22]James W. Carey, “The Chicago School and the History of Mass Communication Research，” in Eve Stryker Munson and Catherine A. Warren, eds., James Carey: A Critical Reader, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997, pp.14—33; Jefferson Pooley, “Daniel Czitrom, James W. Carey, and the Chicago School，” Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24（5）, 2007, pp.469—472.
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[23]Stuart Hall, “The Rediscovery of ‘Ideology’: Return of the Repressed in Media Studies，” in Michael Gurevitch, et al., eds., Culture, Society and the Media, London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1982；〔英〕David Morley：《电视、观众与文化研究》，冯建三译，台北：远流出版公司1995年版，第85—90页。
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[24]近年来，随着媒体技术的发展，信息渠道增多，受众进一步碎片化、选择性增强、极化现象严重，大众媒体的效果重新变得极其有限。见Lance W. Bennett & Shanto Iyengar, “A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication，” Journal of Communication, 58，2008, pp.707—731。
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