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41. Horace Bushnell: Women’s Suffrage: the Reform against Nature (NewYork, 1869), pp. 135-6. Cf. p. 56: “就算是长胡子,也不会更不自然了。”
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42. Cf. Bushnell:“我们也知道女人常常忍不住表现出一种堕落和道德自弃的奇怪倾向。男人堕落是向下坠,女人则是沉淀。也许原因部分在于人们对女人的期待更高,因为女性作为半圣洁的主体被寄予了更多真理和牺牲的期望,而对自立的、居于领导地位的男性则无此要求。Ibid., p. 142.
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43.The Bostonians (1886; ed. London, 1952), p. 289.
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44.An Autobiography (New York, 1920), pp. 86-7.
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45. Henry F. Pringle: Theodore Roosevelt (New York, 1931), pp. 65-7.
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46. 这一条以及此后媒体对罗斯福的评论来自两篇哥伦比亚大学的硕士论文,发表于1947年,文章研究了罗斯福的报纸剪贴簿,包含大量的类似引文——Anne de la Vergne: The Public Reputation of Theodore Roosevelt, 1881-1897, pp. 9-16, 45-6; and Richard D.Heffner: The Public Reputation of Theodore Roosevelt: The New Nationalism, 1890-1901, pp. 21-4, 41-5, 53-4.
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47.Harvard Crimson, November 10, 1894; see especially “The Manly Virtues and Practical Politics” (1894) and “The College Graduate and Public Life” (1894), 这些引文便来源于此, in American Ideals (New York, 1897), pp. 51-77.
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第八章 专家的兴起
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1. 有一篇颇具启示性的当代作品,见the interview with Bryan reported by John Reed in Collier’s, Vol. LVII (May 20, 1916), pp. 11 ff.
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2. Merle Curti and Vernon Carstensen: The University of Wisconsin (Madison, 1949), Vol. I, p. 632. 这本书全面讲述了威斯康星大学在“威斯康星构想”中扮演的角色。
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3. F. J. Turner: “Pioneer Ideals and the State University,”这是1910年印第安纳大学开学典礼上的演讲,重新发表于The Frontier in American History (New York, 1920), pp. 285-6; 强调是我加的。
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4. Charles McCarthy: The Wisconsin Idea (New York, 191.2), pp. 228-9.
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5. 关于凡海斯时代的政治矛盾,见Curti and Carstensen: op. cit., Vol. II, especially pp. 4, 10-11, 19-21, 26, 40-1, 87-90, 97, 100-7, 550-2, 587-92.
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6. John R. Commons: Myself (New York, 1934), p. 110. Cf. McCarthy: “一般说来,除非教授被人问及,否则不会主动冒险对一个公共问题发表看法。”op. cit., p. 137; 关于大学人员效力于该州政府部门的名单,见pp. 313-17.
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7.Autobiography (Madison, Wisconsin, 1913), p. 32; 关于他对大学人员的使用,见pp. 26, 301, 310-11, 348-50.
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8. 见Robert S. Maxwell: Emanuel L. Philipp: Wisconsin Stalwart (Madison, Wisconsin, 1959), chapters 7 and 8, especially pp. 74, 76-9, 82, 91, 92, 96-104. 《国家》杂志认为,美国反智势力在攻击大学时,给社会上了宝贵的一课。该杂志悲叹道:“人民与教授间存在着自古以来最大的误解与无知。”“Demos and the Professor,” Vol. C (May 27, 1915), p. 596.
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9. J. F. A. Pyre: Wisconsin (New York, 1920), pp. 347-51, 364-5.
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10.The Wisconsin Idea, pp. 188-9; cf. p. 138. 麦卡锡的观点可以在某个背景下得到最好的理解。这个背景就是美国实用主义的发展与对老派学究的反弹,见于Morton G. White’s Social Thought in America: The Revolt against Formalism (New York, 1949).
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11.Movers and Shakers (New York, 1936), p. 39.
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12. B.P.: “College Professors and the Public,” Atlantic Monthly, Vol. LXXXIX (February, 1902), pp. 284-5.
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13. See Joseph Lee: “Democracy and the Expert,” Atlantic Monthly, Vol. CII (November, 1908), pp. 611-20.
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14. 例如,芝加哥有一位批发商人叫托马斯·E. 威尔逊(Thomas E. Wilson),他于1906年在众议院农业委员会做证说:“我们所反对的,以及我们请求国会保护我们免于受其侵犯的,就是让我们的企业的命运被一群理论家、化学家、社会学家等摆弄。有一群人将他们的生命奉献于建立与完善美国的批发产业,但是现在所谓的专家却要从他们手中夺走这些产业的管理与控制权。”House Committee on Agriculture, 59th Congress, 1st session, Hearings on the So-Called “Beveridge Amendment,” (Washington, 1906), p. 5. 关于专家在争取推行食品和药品管理的过程中扮演的角色,可参见Oscar E. Anderson, Jr., The Biography of Harvey W. Wiley: The Health of a Nation (Chicago, 1958).
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15. “Literary Men and Public Affairs,” North American Review, Vol. CLXXXIX (April, 1909), p. 536.
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16. Quoted by Paul P. Van Riper: History of United States Civil Service, p. 206; cf. pp. 189-207, and John Blum: “The Presidential Leadership of Theodore Roosevelt,” Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review, Vol. LXV (December, 1958), pp. l-9.
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17. 老罗斯福总统于1908年写了这样一封著名的信:“我实在无法勉强我自己对那些富豪显现出尊敬的态度,如同广大的群众对富豪的尊敬态度一般。我会对像摩根、卡耐基与詹姆斯·J. 希尔(James J. Hill)这些富豪表达礼貌,却无法像我对于以下这些人的尊崇态度一般:贝里教授(Professor Bury),北极探险家皮尔里(Peary the Arctic explorer),海军上将埃文斯(Admiral Evans),历史学家罗兹(Rhodes the historian),或是狩猎家塞卢斯(Selous the big game hunter)。何故呢?因为即使我勉强自己也做不来,更何况我根本不想。”参见Elting Morison, ed.: The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. VI (Cambridge, 1952), p. 1002.
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