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第十章 白手起家与励志型信仰的出现
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1. 关于美国社会流动性研究的总结性和评价性成果，见Bernard Barber: Social Stratification (New York, 1957), chapter 16; Joseph A. Kahl: The American Class Structure (New York, 1957), chapter 9; Seymour M. Lipset and Reinhard Bendix: Social Mobility in Industrial Society (Berkeley, 1959), chapter 3.
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2. Freeman Hunt: Worth and Wealth (New York, 1856), pp. 350-1. 在此之前数年，《伦敦每日新闻》(London Daily News) 曾说：“现在开始，那些百万富翁们不应该再为赚了那么多钱而感到不好意思了。从今天起‘暴发户’这个词应该代表荣誉才对。”Sigmund Diamond: The Reputation of the American Businessman (Cambridge, Mass., 1955), p. 2.
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3. Daniel Mallory, ed.: The Life and Speeches of the Hon. Henry Clay (New York, 1844), Vol. II, p. 31.
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4. Wyllie: The Self-Made Man in America (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1954), chapters 3 and 4.
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5. Ibid., pp. 35-6.
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6. Anon.: “Why I Never Hire Brilliant Men,” American Magazine, Vol. XCVII (February, 1924), pp. 12, 118, 122.
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7. Charles F. Thwing: “College Training and the Business Man,” North American Review, Vol. CLXVII (October, 1903), p. 599.
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8. 对教育的态度，见Wyllie: op. cit., chapter 6; Kirkland: Dream and Thought in the Business Community, 1860-1900 (Ithaca, New York, 1956), chapters 3 and 4; Merle Curti: The Social Ideas of American Educators (New York, 1935), chapter 6.
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9. Kirkland: op. cit., pp. 69-70.
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10. Ibid., p. 101.
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11. W. A. Croffut: The Vanderbilts and the Story of Their Fortune (Chicago and New York, 1886), pp. 137-8.
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12. Burton J. Hendrick: The Life of Andrew Carnegie (New York, 1932), Vol. I, p. 60.
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13.The Empire of Business (New York, 1902), p. 113.
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14. Wyllie: op. cit., pp. 96-104.
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15.The Empire of Business, pp. 79-81; cf. pp. 145-7.
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16. Kirkland: op. cit., pp. 93-4.
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17. Wyllie: op. cit., p. 113; see pp. 107-15, 该文献简要记录了1890年以后商业圈对教育的改观。
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18. 见Frances W. Gregory and Irene D. Neu: “The American Industrial Elite in the 1870’s: Their Social Origins,” in William Miller, ed.: Men in Business (Cambridge, Mass., 1952), p. 203, 请比较19世纪70年代和20世纪最初十年的情况，见William Miller in “American Historians and the Business Elite,” The Journal of Economic History, Vol. IX (November, 1949), pp. 184-208. 在19世纪70年代，37%的企业家都接受过一些大学教育；在20世纪最初十年，这个数字是41%。关于企业官僚化，见Miller’s essay: “The Business Elite in Business Bureaucracies,” in Men in Business, pp. 286-305.
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19. Mabel Newcomer: The Big Business Executive (New York, 1955), p. 69. 1950年，该书作者指出：“虽然大学生刚毕业进入大公司时可能只是做些低阶非决策性事务，但大家都认为大学文凭已是能够在大公司出人头地的门票。”另见Joseph A. Kahl: The American Class Structure, p. 93. 这份研究指出：“如果我们对于当代美国社会要提出一个能代替老旧的马克思区分阶级的标准，那必然会是大学文凭。” 偶尔，老板们还是会采用白手起家时代的若干观念，例如把一位要培养成管理者的新人，特别是老板的儿子或是女婿之类的年轻人，放到最基层的位置去镀个金，但是给予快速轮调升迁。这叫作由下到上的历练。
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20. William H. Whyte, Jr.: The Organization Man (Anchor ed., 1956), p. 88.
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21. Thorstein Veblen: The Higher Learning in America (New York, 1918), p. 204; Abraham Flexner: Universities: American, English, German (New York, 1930), pp. 162-72.
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22. Peter F. Drucker: “The Graduate Business School,” Fortune, Vol. XLII (August, 1950), p. 116. 关于这些学校及其问题的概括性叙述，见L. C. Marshall, ed.: The Collegiate School of Business (Chicago, 1928); and Frank C. Pierson et. al.: The Education of American Businessmen: A Study of University-College Programs in Business Administration (New York, 1959).
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23. Ibid., pp. 150, 1$2, 227-8, 233, 235, and chapter 16 passim.
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24.A Guide to Confident Living (New York, 1948), p. 55.
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