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Strike at him with your hand; and to him, the aspect of the matter is, what to you it would be, if an acre of red clay, ten feet thick, tore itself up from the ground and came crashing down with an aim. He steps out of the way of your hand, and alights on the back of it. You cannot terrify him, nor govern him, nor persuade him, nor convince him.
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He has his own positive opinion on all matters; not an unwise one, usually, for his own ends; and will ask no advice of yours. He has no work to do—no tyrannical insects to obey. The earthworm has his digging; the bee her gathering and building; the spider her cunning network; the ant her treasury and accounts. All these are comparative slaves, or people of business. But your fly, free in the air, free in the chamber—a black incarnation of caprice—wondering, investigating, flitting, flirting, feasting at his will, with rich variety of choice in feast, from the heaped sweets in the grocer’s window to those of the butcher’s back yard—what freedom is like this?
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我们无论在什么地方都找不到像普通家蝇那样一种绝对自由的生物了。苍蝇不仅自由放任,而且勇敢无畏。它全然不讲什么谦恭礼让,不管是高贵的国王,还是贫贱的村夫,它都毫不在意,照样去吮舔;在它敏捷而机械式地前进的每一步,或在它果断观察的每一间歇,总是露出一副自命不凡、无求于人、十分自信的神情,俨然认为世界是为苍蝇而创造的。
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如果你用手去拍打它,其情其景好像一块一英亩大十英尺厚的红色黏土拔地而起,突然劈头盖脑的照直朝你猛砸下来。可是,苍蝇却振翅一飞,逃脱了你的一掌之击,接着又轻落在你的手背之上。你吓不倒它,制服不了它;既不能动之以情,也不能晓之以理。
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苍蝇对一切事物都有自己的明确的见解,就其所要达到的目的而言,这些见解却也不失为睿智之见。它不会征求您的高见。苍蝇无需干活,在虫豸中没有统治它的暴君能使之俯首听命。蚯蚓要疏松土壤;蜜蜂要采花酿蜜和营造蜂房;蜘蛛要巧结迷网;蚂蚁也要聚财盘宝。相形之下,它们只是一群庸碌之辈。而我们的苍蝇却在户外逍遥自在,活像一位反复无常的黑色精灵鬼。它到处游逛,到处查访,东飞西荡,搔首弄姿,同时还能大饱口福,从食品店橱窗里陈列的糖果点心到肉铺后院存放的大堆肉食,诸般美味,任其挑选,还有何种自由堪与之媲美呢?
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1.2 知识
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知识,是一个广谱概念。如,国际知识、政经知识、商贸知识、法律知识、人文知识、科技知识、史地知识、民俗知识、生活知识……
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鲁迅先生不仅审美激情澎湃,而且知识渊博。淞沪战争打响后,为避战乱,鲁迅先生曾在旅馆小住一月。一个日本青年碰巧成了鲁迅的邻居,并彼此经常聊天。该青年后来回忆,这个老先生(他当时不知道是鲁迅)一会儿谈进化论,一会儿谈黑格尔,一会儿谈自然科学,一会儿谈医学,无所不晓。甚至谈起日本老酒,老先生也能详述日本酒和绍兴酒之异同。后来,此青年也成了日本大学者。他在回忆录里说:后来我才知道老先生就是鲁迅,鲁迅的知识“比日本的五个博士加起来还要多”!
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翻译,离不开百科知识。译者绊倒于译途的百科杂学的例子还少吗?不过,本小节要谈的知识局限于语言的美学范畴。
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英语,你美在哪里?汉语,你美在哪里?
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翻译美学不能回避这两个基本问题,语文(语言文字)教学也不能回避这两个基本问题。为此,本书专辟章节探讨这两个问题。
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这是一个简单的逻辑推理:不知英语汉语之美,何以成为成功译者?大而言之,这两个问题是一个因人而异的审美感知,审美判断的大问题,小而言之,这又是一门殊途同归的美学语文知识。
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以下面三句为例:
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a. …just a phone call could send us quivering with excitement. (impersonal subject sentence)
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b. Cheeks flushed, hearts raced, palms sweated. (parallelism)
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c. A son, housekeeping, jobs and just plain old familiarity forced romance out. (parallelism)
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就句型而言,这三句就很美,或因Impersonal Subject Sentence(非人称主语句)而生动、流畅和形象;或因Parallelism(平行结构)而显示出整饬美。若译者缺乏关于英语Impersonal Subject Sentence和Parallelism的知识,即使心中审美激情荡漾,其译笔也许就呈现茫然和无措。上面的初译就是明证。
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又如:
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Keeping your nose mindlessly to the grindstone will only get you abraded nostrils.
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我们读到的译文是:
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把你的鼻子紧贴在石磨上,只会擦破你鼻孔的皮。
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可叹,因为译者的知识缺乏,别说传递上句的美感,就是理解也成问题。
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知识之一:keeping your nose (mindlessly) to the grindstone系英语成语,意思是:一刻不停地拼命干。如:The teacher puts his pupils’ noses to the grindstone all the time. (老师把学生弄得一天到晚忙个不停。)
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知识之二:will only get abraded nostrils系运用了Parody(仿拟)辞格。所谓Parody,就是仿照或参考现存的成语、谚语等,加以创新(如添词、易字、节缩、重拟、择词、反说、还原)运用。will only get abraded nostrils显然属于“添词”。
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辞格Parody的运用,创造了美,既形象又幽默。以上两点知识,缺其一,则坠入云雾,理解尚难,更谈不上传递其美。
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