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1 “可理解性输入i+1”的问题。这个问题大家比较熟悉了。在自然语言的不同内容中,语句和词汇难度高低不一。对于难度过低的内容,比如对话中的大量的”Hey guys““How are you doing““Yes.““No.““Thank you…“之类的语言,即便是反复多接触,对我们的语言能力增长也没有什么帮助。而难度超过自己当前水平过高的内容,比如电影Matrix里的一段对白:
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The Architect”The first matrix I designed was quite naturally perfect. It was a work of art, flawless, sublime.A triumph equaled only by its monumental failure.The inevitability of its doom is as apparent to me now as a consequence of the imperfection inherent in every human being.Thus I redesigned it based on your history to more accurately reflect the varying grotesqueries of your nature.However, I was again frustrated by failure.I have since come to understand that the answer eluded me because it required a lesser mind, or perhaps a mindless bound by the parameters of perfection.Thus, the answer was stumbled upon by another, an intuitive program, initially created to investigate certain aspects of the human psyche.”
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这种复杂的句子结构、晦涩的文字和充斥其中的一些难词,会令很多学习者听甚至读几遍都无法理解。不理解就没有学习效果,非常浪费时间。所以首先就需要选择适合自己当前水平的学习材料。
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2 即使是控制了学习资料的难度,保持了比较理想的“可理解性输入i+1”的难度状态,从词汇搭配的角度来讲,仍然有一个“内容散乱度”的问题。自然语言的内容,特别是成人的对话,以表达感情和说明个人观点为主,缺乏交流背景和对话前提的介绍和解释(对话人自己明白),所以内容前后连贯性差,主题跳跃比较大。比如很多同学喜欢看的美剧Friends第10季某集的开场对白是这样的:
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Monica:Hey guys!
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Rachel:Hi!
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Phoebe:Hey!
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Monica:We need to talk to you about something.
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Chandler:Yeah. We don’t feel like we can host Thanksgiving this year.
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All:What?
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Phoebe:Hey!
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Ross:Are you kidding?
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Chandler:Well, it’s just with…um…work and the stress of adoption. We just don’t feel like we have the energy.Plus, we don’t think it’s fair that every year the burden falls on us.
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Ross:That doesn’t sound like you…That’s Monica talking
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Chandler:No, no!We made this decision together.
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Ross:She’s putting words in your mouth!
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Joey:Don’t you put words in people’s mouths, you put turkey in people’s mouths!
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Rachel:I can’t believe this!This is Emma’s first Thanksgiving!
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Monica:No, it’s not!
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Rachel:It’s not?When was she born?
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Phoebe:Well, personally I think it’s great you’re giving yourself a break.
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Monica:Thank you, Pheebs!
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Phoebe:Sure. It’s just as well…I mean, last year wasn’t very good.I think she’s losing her touch.
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