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[58]Herman Melville, “The Armies of the Wilderness”, in Melville, Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1866), p. 103.
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第二章 杀戮
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[1]托尔斯泰（Tolstoy）的话引自Lieutenant Colonel Dave Grossman, On Killing
:The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995), p. ix; Orestes Brownson, The Works of Orestes Brownson, ed. Henry F. Brownson (Detroit: T. Nourse, 1882—1887), vol. 17, p. 214。
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[2]Grossman, On Killing, p. xiv.另参见Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing: Face-to-Face Killing in Twentieth-Century Warfare (New York: Basic Books, 1999)。
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[3]Theophilus Perry的话引自Randolph B. Campbell, A Southern Community in Crisis: Harrison County, Texas, 1850—1880 (Austin
:Texas State Historical Press, 1983), p. 239; [Mrs. Frances Blake Brockenbrough, ] A Mother’s Parting Words to Her Soldier Boy (Petersburg, Va.: Evangelical Tract Society, 186—), p. 3; Confederate Baptist, December 3, 1862; Knox Mellon Jr., ed., “Letters of James Greenalch,” Michigan History 44 ( June 1960 )
:198—199; Christian Recorder, October 18, 1864。
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[4]Scott的话引自Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, August 3, 1861, p. 178; T. Harry Williams, “The Military Leadership of the Northand the South”, U.S. Air Force Academy, Harmon Memorial Lectureno. 2, 1960, p. 6, online at www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usafa/harmon02.pdf。
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[5]Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, May 18, 1861, p. 3.关于火的洗礼，另参见Joseph Allan Frank and George A.Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant ”: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989)。关于童贞的语言常常被用来形容首次进行战斗。参见，例如，Creed Davis Diary, entry for May 11, 1864, VHS。关于士兵、杀戮与宗教，另参见Reid Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers (New York: Viking, 1988), pp. 138—139。
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[6]Hugh McLees to John McLees, March 18, 1864, McLees Family Papers, SCL; Oliver Norton的话引自James I. Robertson Jr., Soldiers Blue and Gray (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), pp. 220—221。
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[7]“Sensations Before and During Battle,” clipping in George Bagby Scrapbook, 3
:149, VHS; Charles Royster, The Destructive War
:William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), p. 279.
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[8]Byrd Charles Willis Journal, August 25, 1864, Diary Collection, ESBL.关于联邦死难者之被用战俘砍杀、被剥去头皮，参见T. I. McKenny to Earl Van Dorn, March 9, 1862,载于The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883—1901), ser. I, vol. 8, p. 194;参见，新罕布什尔州第5团的Thomas Livermore在安蒂特姆关于命令下属涂上颜料并带领他们发出战斗呐喊的报告，James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 123。
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[9]Osmun Latrobe Diary, October 16, 1862, May 10, 1863, transcript at VHS, original in Latrobe Papers, MS 526, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore. Redman quoted in Kent Masterson Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), p. 234.关于对杀戮的热衷，参见Theodore Nadelson, Trained to Kill
:Soldiers at War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), p. 72; Drew Gilpin Faust, “‘We Should Grow Too Fond of It’: Why We Love the Civil War,” Civil War History 50 (December 2004)
:368; William Broyles, “Why Men Love War,” Esquire, November 1984, pp. 54—65; Bourke, Intimate History of Killing, p. 31; Earl J.Hess, The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), pp. 92—93.
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[10]John W. De Forest, A Volunteer’s Adventures: A Union Captain’s Record of the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946), pp. 111—112; Mills Lane, ed., “Dear Mother: Don’t Grieve About Me.If I Get Killed, I’ll Only Be Dead”: Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1990), p. 156; Robertson, Soldiers Blue and Gray, 220; William White, July, 13, 1862, William White Collection, PAHRC.
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[11]Henry Matrau, February 27, 1862, in Marcia Reid-Green, ed., Letters Home: Henry Matrau of the Iron Brigade (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), p. 20.
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[12]Bagby Scrapbook, vol. 2, p. 55, VHS.关于战友情谊之为战斗动机，参见James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)。
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[13]一些历史学者所引用的新来复枪射程长达1 000码，但弗吉尼亚大学（University of Virginia）的Gary W. Gallagher认为有效射程300码更有利于我们准确理解它的性能。我感谢他在这一问题上对我的帮助。James M. McPherson估计南部邦联军队中20%的士兵与联邦军队中的8%的士兵，都是应征入伍者或代人应征入伍者。McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), pp. 182—183。
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[14]Grossman, On Killing, pp. 24—25.在S. L. A. Marshall关于二战中不开枪士兵的著作出版后，关于士兵射击速度的争论非常激烈。参见Grossman在第333页上对这些争论的回应。另参见S. L. A. Marshall, Men Against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War (New York: Morrow, 1947)与John Keegan, The Face of Battle (New York: Viking Press, 1976)。
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[15]Val C. Giles, Rags and Hope: The Recollections of Val C. Giles, Four Years with Hood’s Brigade, Fourth Texas Infantry, 1861—1865, ed. Mary Lasswell (New York: CowardMcCann, 1961), p.208.
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[16]S. H. M. Byers, “How Men Feel in Battle: Recollections of a Privateat Champion Hills,” Annals of Iowa 2 ( July 1896): 449; Henry Abbott, July 6, 1863,载于Robert Garth Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves: The Civil War Letters of Major Henry Livermore Abbott (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991), p. 188; Hess, Union Soldier in Battle, pp. 55, 52。关于受伤，参见George Worthington Adams, Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (New York: Henry Schuman, 1952), p. 113。
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[17]Kenneth Macksey and William Woodhouse, eds., The Penguin Encyclopedia of Modern Warfare: 1850 to the Present Day (London: Penguin, 1991), p. 111.关于变化中的战斗性质与规模，另参见John Keegan, The Face of Battle (New York: Viking, 1976), pp. 285—336。关于战术，参见James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 474—476,与Brent Nosworthy, The Bloody Crucible of Courage: Fighting Methods and Combat Experience of the Civil War (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2003)。
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[18]William Drayton Rutherford to Sallie F. Rutherford, June 23, 1864, William Drayton Rutherford Papers, SCL.关于要求，参见Gerald Smith, “Sharp-shooters”, in David and Jeanne Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the Civil War (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC Clio, 2000), vol. 4, p. 1743. “To the Sharp Shooters of Windham County”, August 19, 1861 (Bellows Falls, Vt.: Phoenix Job Office, 1861), reproduced inLetters from a Sharpshooter: The Civil War Letters of Private William B. Greene, 1861—1865, transcribed by William H. Hastings (Belleville, Wis.: Historic Publications, 1993), p. 4。
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[19]Isaac Hadden to Brother, Wife and All, June 5, 1864, and June 12, 1864, Misc. Mss. Hadden, Isaac, NYHS; Henry Abbott to J. G. Abbott, July 6, 1863, in Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves p. 184.关于蛇，参见Richard Pindell, “The Most Dangerous Set of Men,” Civil War Times Illustrated, July–August 1993, p. 46。
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[20]Petersburg paper引自William Greene to Dear Mother, June 26, 1864, in Letters from a Sharpshooter, p. 226; De Forest, Volunteer’s Adventures, p. 144.关于狙击手，另参见Hess, Union Soldier in Battle, pp. 106—107,与Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1977), p. 140。关于狙击及其个人性质，参见“On the Antietam”, Harper’s Weekly, January 3, 1863, reprinted in Kathleen Diffley, ed.,To Live and Die: Collected Stories of the Civil War (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002), pp. 128—132.关于变化中的狙击技术，参见Ron Banks, “Death at a Distance,” Civil War Times Illustrated, March–April 1990, pp. 48—55。
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[21]Howell Cobb to James A. Seddon, January 8, 1865, in War of the Rebellion, ser. 4, vol. 3, pp. 1009—1010; Mary Greenhow Lee Diary, April 3, 1864, WFCHS.
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[22]Thomas R. Roulhac的话引自McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 566; Arkansas Gazette引自Gregory J. W. Urwin, “‘We Cannot Treat Negroes…as Prisoners of War’: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in Civil War Arkansas”, Civil War History 42 (September1996): 202—203; W. D. Rutherford to Sallie F. Rutherford, May 2, 1864, William D. Rutherford Papers, SCL; Urwin, “We Cannot Treat Negroes,” pp. 197, 203。皮洛堡事件是否是一场大屠杀，自从它发生以来便一直被人们争论着。最新的历史学著作令人信服地证明了，它的确是一场大屠杀。参见John Cimprich, Fort Pillow: A Civil War Massacre and Public Memory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005); John Cimprich and Robert C. Mainfort Jr., “The Fort Pillow Massacre: A Statistical Note”, Journal of American History 76 (December 1989)
:831—833; and Andrew Ward, River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War (New York: Viking, 2005)。关于伤亡统计数据，参见Cimprich, Fort Pillow, app. B, pp. 130—131, and table 7, p. 129.另参见联邦官方调查：U.S.Congress, House Report (serial 1206), “Fort Pillow Massacre,” 38thCong., 1st sess., no. 63, 1864。关于杀戮黑人士兵，另参见Gary W. Gallagher, ed., Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), pp. 462, 465, 487。
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[23]George Gautier, Harder Than Death: The Life of George Gautier, an Old Texan (Austin, Tex.: n.p., 1902), pp. 10—11.
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