打字猴:1.706315895e+09
1706315895 44 Glottochronological analysis of Algonquian languages: Fiedel 1987; Goddard 1978; Mulholland 1985.
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1706315897 45 多元化的新英格兰地区社群:此间描述有赖于Petersen and Cowrie 2002;Bragdon 1996:55-79(“无名”,58-59)对相关证据的调查。Bragdon (1996:39)为这些沿海社群采用了“有条件定居”(conditional sedentism)的名称(Dunford 1992提出了该术语)。关于沿海社群的发展,请见Robinson 1994。在过去,一些人曾认为沿海地区的印第安人极少进行农耕活动(Ceci 1990a),但Petersen and Cowrie收集了对此进行驳斥的证据。
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1706315899 45 Coastal diet: Little and Schoeninger 1995; Kavasch 1994.
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1706315901 46 Description of Patuxet: Author’s visit; James ed. 1963:7 (“Pleasant for air,”alewives), 75-76; Winslow 1963b:8-43; Anon. ed. 1963:xx-xxi (map of area in 1613 by Champlain). In these years big areas alongthe coastline had neatly planted maize fields, traces of which survived even into the twentieth century (Delabarre and Wilder 1920:210-14).
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1706315903 46 家(“wetus”)、伙食与家居风格:Morton 1637:24-26;Wood 1977:86-88,112(“还要暖和”,112);Bragdon 1996:104-07;Gookin 1792:149-51(“特别甜”,150-51)。古金说,“最好的”家,是“用树皮极为平整、密集而暖和地覆盖着”的——“和英国最好的房子一样暖和”(150)。显然,英国富人的宅邸既不四处漏水,通风条件也不至于如此之好,但在那个森林被砍伐殆尽的国度里,即便是富人也买不起印第安人借以取暖的大量火源(Higginson 1792:121-22)。
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1706315905 47 2 500 calories/day: Bennett 1955:table 1; Braudel 1981-84 (ol.1):129-45 (European calorie levels).
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1706315907 48 Indian and European views on children: Kupperman 2000:153-56; Williams 1936:29 (spoiling); Denys 1908:404; Ariés 1962 (European views).
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1706315909 48 Games: Wood 1977:103-06.
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1706315911 48 Character, training, and pniese: Salisbury 1989:229-31;Wood 977:91-94 [ “He that speaks,”91; “Beat them,”93(I have modernized“winch,”an obsolete form of“flinch” )]; Winslow 1624:55-56; James ed.1963:77; Kittredge ed. 1913:151, quoted in Axtell 1981:44.
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1706315913 49 Sachems: Wood 1977:97-99; Winslow 1624:56-60; Gookin 1792:154-55; Salisbury 1982:42-43; Dunford 2001:32-37; Johnson 1993:chap. 3. To the north, sachems were called sagamores, a distinction I am ignoring.
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1706315915 49 人口增长、随之而来的社会变革,以及政治紧张局势的出现:一方面,沿海农业的考古学证据令人吃惊地少(Ceci 1990a);另一方面,多份殖民者的报告里都有着沿岸地区农场繁多的记述。此间的描述是一种调和这些相互矛盾的证据的尝试(Bragdon 1996:146-53)。另见Johnson 1993:chap.3;Thomas 1979:24-44(“政治舞台”,30);Metcalf 1974;特别是Petersen and Cowrie 2002。
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1706315917 49 没那么血腥的原住民战事:Hariot 1588:36-37; Williams 1936:188(“远不及”); Hirsch 1988; Kupperman 2000:106-09; Russell 1980:187-94; Vaughan 1995:37-41。威廉姆斯(Williams)观察到,低伤亡的原因之一是印第安人作战时“跳跃、舞蹈(甚多),弓箭极少射中目标。”(人们显然得益于平日里箭术对决的游戏。)一些活动人士称,剥头皮其实是白人殖民者的发明。但在佛罗里达以北地区尚未创建任何殖民地的十六世纪三十年代和四十年代,就已有欧洲访客目睹了这一风俗。詹姆斯·阿克斯特尔(James Axtell)观察到,“绞刑、开膛破肚、斩首、英式车裂”等诸般刑罚均常见于欧洲,而剥头皮则不在其列。每个大陆都有着不同的残害肢体的刑罚,究竟是哪一种刑罚更恶劣“几乎没有什么讨论价值”(Axtell 1980:463)。
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1706315919 50 Early European exploration: Some of the vast literature includes Kupperman 1997a; Bourque and Whitehead 1994; Quinn 1974:chap. 1; Salisbury 1982:51-54; Axtell 1994:154-55 (Corte-Real).
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1706315921 51 作为首个到访者的韦拉扎诺:在其畅销著作《1421年:中国人发现世界》中,曾担任英国海军军官的加文·孟席斯认为,由太监郑和率领的庞大舰队于1421年从中国启航驶向美洲。舰队在加勒比海里损失了很多船只后,不得不把“数千男性和姬妾”留在了罗得岛上。随后的舰队本应将他们接上,但促成郑和下西洋的永乐皇帝逝世了,而其继任者对环游世界没有兴趣。这些搁浅在当地的中国人融入了当地群体之中。韦拉扎诺注意到,罗得岛的印第安人比其他印第安人更为“俊美”,而这在孟席斯看来,就是他们并非印第安人的证据。这幅500英尺长的中国大船搁浅在新英格兰地区的图景太过迷人,以至于我不得不很遗憾地报告说,除了孟席斯本人以外,很少有研究人员相信这一点(Menzies 2003:281-96; 291)。
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1706315923 51 Verrazzano’s account: Wroth ed. 1970:71-90, 133-43“densely populated,”137; “little bells,”138;“irksome clamor,”139;“showing,”“barbarous,”140); Axtell 1992:156-57.
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1706315925 51 Indians’ physical appearance: Gookin 1792:152-53 (“one part,”153); Higginson 1792:123; Morton 1632:32 (“as proper”); Wood 1977:82-83 (“more amiable,”82,“torture,”83); Russell 1980:30-32. See also the drawings of Algonquians further south by John White (Hulton 1984). Differences between colonial and native ways of treating the body are explored in Kupperman 2000:chap. 2 (bow string, 55-56), and Axtell 2000:154-58.
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1706315927 53 Popularity of Indian hairstyles: Kupperman 1997b:225 (“lovelocks”); Higginson 1792:123.
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1706315929 53 Indian views of Europeans:Jaenen 2000 (weak, 76; ugly, 77; sexually untrust-worthy, 83; Micmac, 85; dirty, handkerchiefs, 87); Axtell 1988; Stannard 1992:5 (Indian cleanliness). As a rule, only wealthy Europeans bathed—commoners wiped themselves with rags when they could.
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1706315931 54 Two hundred British ships: Cell 1965.
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1706315933 54 Champlain’s exploration: Biggar ed. 1922-36 (vol.1):349-55, 397-401. See also, Salisbury 1982:62-66, and the enjoyable Parkman 1983(vol.1):191-93, 199.
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1706315935 54 格尔基斯与缅因:Gorges 1890a:204-07;Salisbury 1982:92-94。我没有全盘接受格尔基斯的记述,而是遵从了索尔兹伯里的版本,因为前者的说法混乱不堪,令人困惑。与普利茅斯殖民地的创建不同,缅因远征军并未饥肠辘辘,也不是在冬天登陆的。团队在头一个冬季只损失了两名成员;相比之下,死亡与疾病对清教徒带来的困扰极大,以至于在上岸后的头几个月里,他们通常只有几个人能正常工作。
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1706315937 55 Pring:Prin 1905:51-63.
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1706315939 56 Smith and Pocahontas: The best retelling of the Pocahontas story I have come across is Gunn Allen 2003. A similar, briefer account is Richter 2001:70-78. An enjoyable nonscholarly account of Smith and Virginia is Milton 2000.
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1706315941 57 Smith in New England, Hunt kidnaps Tisquantum: Arber and Bradley eds. 1910 (vol. 1):192-205, 256-57 (“great troupes,”“fortie,”205); (vol. 2):697-99; Bradford 1981:89-90; Winslow 1963b:52; 1963c:70; Gorges 1890a:209-11 (“worthlesse,”209; “warre,”211).
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1706315943 57 French sailors killed or enslaved: Winship 1905:252 (shipwreck); Winslow 1963c:27-28 (finding body); Bradford 1981:92, Hubbard 1848:54-55; Adams 1892-93:6-10.
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