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44 Glottochronological analysis of Algonquian languages: Fiedel 1987; Goddard 1978; Mulholland 1985.
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45 Coastal diet: Little and Schoeninger 1995; Kavasch 1994.
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46 Description of Patuxet: Author’s visit; James ed. 1963
:7 (“Pleasant for air,”alewives), 75-76; Winslow 1963b
:8-43; Anon. ed. 1963
:xx-xxi (map of area in 1613 by Champlain). In these years big areas alongthe coastline had neatly planted maize fields, traces of which survived even into the twentieth century (Delabarre and Wilder 1920
:210-14).
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47 2 500 calories/day: Bennett 1955
:table 1; Braudel 1981-84 (ol.1)
:129-45 (European calorie levels).
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48 Indian and European views on children: Kupperman 2000
:153-56; Williams 1936
:29 (spoiling); Denys 1908
:404; Ariés 1962 (European views).
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48 Character, training, and pniese: Salisbury 1989
:229-31;Wood 977
:91-94 [ “He that speaks,”91; “Beat them,”93(I have modernized“winch,”an obsolete form of“flinch” )]; Winslow 1624
:55-56; James ed.1963
:77; Kittredge ed. 1913
:151, quoted in Axtell 1981
:44.
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49 Sachems: Wood 1977
:97-99; Winslow 1624
:56-60; Gookin 1792
:154-55; Salisbury 1982
:42-43; Dunford 2001
:32-37; Johnson 1993
:chap. 3. To the north, sachems were called sagamores, a distinction I am ignoring.
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49 没那么血腥的原住民战事:Hariot 1588
:36-37; Williams 1936
:188(“远不及”); Hirsch 1988; Kupperman 2000
:106-09; Russell 1980
:187-94; Vaughan 1995
:37-41。威廉姆斯(Williams)观察到,低伤亡的原因之一是印第安人作战时“跳跃、舞蹈(甚多),弓箭极少射中目标。”(人们显然得益于平日里箭术对决的游戏。)一些活动人士称,剥头皮其实是白人殖民者的发明。但在佛罗里达以北地区尚未创建任何殖民地的十六世纪三十年代和四十年代,就已有欧洲访客目睹了这一风俗。詹姆斯·阿克斯特尔(James Axtell)观察到,“绞刑、开膛破肚、斩首、英式车裂”等诸般刑罚均常见于欧洲,而剥头皮则不在其列。每个大陆都有着不同的残害肢体的刑罚,究竟是哪一种刑罚更恶劣“几乎没有什么讨论价值”(Axtell 1980
:463)。
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50 Early European exploration: Some of the vast literature includes Kupperman 1997a; Bourque and Whitehead 1994; Quinn 1974
:chap. 1; Salisbury 1982
:51-54; Axtell 1994
:154-55 (Corte-Real).
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51 作为首个到访者的韦拉扎诺:在其畅销著作《1421年:中国人发现世界》中,曾担任英国海军军官的加文·孟席斯认为,由太监郑和率领的庞大舰队于1421年从中国启航驶向美洲。舰队在加勒比海里损失了很多船只后,不得不把“数千男性和姬妾”留在了罗得岛上。随后的舰队本应将他们接上,但促成郑和下西洋的永乐皇帝逝世了,而其继任者对环游世界没有兴趣。这些搁浅在当地的中国人融入了当地群体之中。韦拉扎诺注意到,罗得岛的印第安人比其他印第安人更为“俊美”,而这在孟席斯看来,就是他们并非印第安人的证据。这幅500英尺长的中国大船搁浅在新英格兰地区的图景太过迷人,以至于我不得不很遗憾地报告说,除了孟席斯本人以外,很少有研究人员相信这一点(Menzies 2003
:281-96; 291)。
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51 Verrazzano’s account: Wroth ed. 1970
:71-90, 133-43“densely populated,”137; “little bells,”138;“irksome clamor,”139;“showing,”“barbarous,”140); Axtell 1992
:156-57.
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51 Indians’ physical appearance: Gookin 1792
:152-53 (“one part,”153); Higginson 1792
:123; Morton 1632
:32 (“as proper”); Wood 1977
:82-83 (“more amiable,”82,“torture,”83); Russell 1980
:30-32. See also the drawings of Algonquians further south by John White (Hulton 1984). Differences between colonial and native ways of treating the body are explored in Kupperman 2000
:chap. 2 (bow string, 55-56), and Axtell 2000
:154-58.
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53 Popularity of Indian hairstyles: Kupperman 1997b
:225 (“lovelocks”); Higginson 1792
:123.
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53 Indian views of Europeans
:Jaenen 2000 (weak, 76; ugly, 77; sexually untrust-worthy, 83; Micmac, 85; dirty, handkerchiefs, 87); Axtell 1988; Stannard 1992
:5 (Indian cleanliness). As a rule, only wealthy Europeans bathed—commoners wiped themselves with rags when they could.
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54 Two hundred British ships: Cell 1965.
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54 Champlain’s exploration: Biggar ed. 1922-36 (vol.1)
:349-55, 397-401. See also, Salisbury 1982
:62-66, and the enjoyable Parkman 1983(vol.1)
:191-93, 199.
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56 Smith and Pocahontas: The best retelling of the Pocahontas story I have come across is Gunn Allen 2003. A similar, briefer account is Richter 2001
:70-78. An enjoyable nonscholarly account of Smith and Virginia is Milton 2000.
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57 Smith in New England, Hunt kidnaps Tisquantum: Arber and Bradley eds. 1910 (vol. 1)
:192-205, 256-57 (“great troupes,”“fortie,”205); (vol. 2)
:697-99; Bradford 1981
:89-90; Winslow 1963b
:52; 1963c
:70; Gorges 1890a
:209-11 (“worthlesse,”209; “warre,”211).
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57 French sailors killed or enslaved: Winship 1905
:252 (shipwreck); Winslow 1963c
:27-28 (finding body); Bradford 1981
:92, Hubbard 1848
:54-55; Adams 1892-93
:6-10.
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