打字猴:1.706315958e+09
1706315958
1706315959 60 English vs. continental financing for colonies, British colonists’ flakiness and helplessness: Kupperman 2000:3-4, 11-15, 148 (“utterly,”13); Cell 1965.
1706315960
1706315961 60 没搞清楚气候:鉴于许多英国旅客此前已经对当地气候进行了详细记录(例如Anon. 1979),这种混乱尤其令人惊奇。
1706315962
1706315963 60 Time of drought: Stahle et al. 1998.
1706315964
1706315965 60 Thoreau’s disdain: Thoreau 1906 (vol. 4):295-300 (“A party,”300).
1706315966
1706315967 61 Tisquantum’s travels in New England: Baxter 1890:103-10 (“appears to,”106); Gorges 1890a:212-25; 1890b:26-30; Dermer 1619 (“void,”131). The line from The Tempest is in act 2, scene 2.
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1706315969 61 “Indians themselves”: Panzer 1995:118-19 (text of Sublimis Deus, Paul III).
1706315970
1706315971 61 Slany: Cell 1965:615,
1706315972
1706315973 64 疫情:Morton 1637:22-24(“死去”,23;“各各他”,23);Hubbard 1848:54-55(法国水手的诅咒);Spiess and Spiess 1987;Snow 1980:31-42;Snow and Lanphear 1988。索尔兹伯里(1982:103-05)认为这是一场瘟疫,但Snow and Lanphear指出,当地很难建立瘟疫所需的传播链。约翰·史密斯写道,“在(1614年)我见过有一两百名蛮人的地方,现在(1620年)只有区区十人了”[Arber and Bradley eds. 1910 (vol. 2):259]。清教徒有可能目睹了最初的带病体的证据。他们在科德角掘出的一具遗体留着金发,被埋在水手用的帆布袋之中(Winslow 1963b:27-28)。
1706315974
1706315975 64 “The idea”: Gunn Allen 2003:30.
1706315976
1706315977 65 Mather’s experiment: Mather 1820 (vol.1):507.
1706315978
1706315979 65 Wampanoag spiritual and political crises: Salisbury 1989:235-38 (“their deities,”236).
1706315980
1706315981 65 Plymouth and more than fifty villages: Pyne 1982:45-48; Cronon 1983:90.
1706315982
1706315983 65 布拉福德与格尔基斯的引语:Anon. 1792:246(attrib. to Bradford);Gorges, 1890b:77。遗憾的是,由今而论,这些观点既乐观又流行。见马萨诸塞湾地区敌对殖民地的首位总督约翰·温斯罗普(John Winthrop)1634年5月对天花造成大量原住民死亡一事及其法律含义的描述:“上帝保证了我们对自己属地的所有权”(Winthrop 1976:116);或是科顿·马瑟(Cotton Mather)那心平气和的阐释:此间“有害的生灵(即印第安人)”已经被一扫而空,“以便为更好的发展(即欧洲人)腾出空间”[引述于C. F. Adams 1892-93(vol.1):12]。
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1706315985 66 “Could make [the] English”: Pratt 1858:485.
1706315986
1706315987 67 “He thinks we may”: Winslow 1963b:58.
1706315988
1706315989 67 Indians and guns: Chaplin 2001:111-12, Percy 1905-07:414 (all Jamestown quotes).
1706315990
1706315991 67 印第安技术:Rosier 1605:21(独木舟); Kupperman 2000:166-68(鞋); Bourque and Whitehead 1994:136-42(印第安小舟)。在某些读者看来,欧洲技术未能决定这次文化碰撞的结果的观念或许颇为荒唐。不过,人们大可以对比一下美洲和非洲殖民史的不同。两地土著居民的技术都往往被认为处于极度劣势。两地也都是由同样的国家发起的殖民主义事业的目标。不过在美洲,印第安人被迅速击败了。“印第安人太容易死了,只是西班牙人的样子和气味就足以让他们断气,”一名传教士于1699年评论道(Crosby 2003b:37转述)。然而,非洲的大部地区(其技术基础甚至比美洲还要“低劣”)直到19世纪末才告沦陷。技术并不是一个主要因素。
1706315992
1706315993 68 Massasoit’s negotiations: Winslow 1963b:43-59; Deetz and Deetz 2000:61-62.
1706315994
1706315995 69 Tisquantum’s machinations, death: Bradford 1981:108-09 (“came running,”“and he thought,”“all was quiet”), 125-26 (Tisquantum’s death); Morton 1637:103-05; Winslow 1963a:82 (thanksgiving); Humins1987; Salisbury 1989; Shuffelton 1976.
1706315996
1706315997 71 Massasoit’s son and war in 1675: The best short account I have encountered is the first section of Schultz and Tougias 1999. See also Richter 2001:90-109; Vaughan 1995:308-22; Salisbury 1982:Chap. 7.
1706315998
1706315999 72 Indian slavery: Lauber 1913:esp. 109-11, 122-30; Cook 1973:19-21 (1,000 sold); Gallay 2002 (25-50,000,299); Newell 2003, 2009; Philbrick 2006:xiv-xv, 252-53, 320-21; Guasco 2007 (early Indian slavery in New England).
1706316000
1706316001 72 1633 epidemic: Snow and Lanphear 1998.
1706316002
1706316003 3. 在四分之国
1706316004
1706316005 73 Pizarro’s body: Maples and Browning 1994:213-19.
1706316006
1706316007 74 Ezell thesis: Ezell 1961.
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