1706316850
1706316851
310 Carriages in Ohio: Bakeless 1961
:314, cited in Denevan 1992a
:369.
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1706316853
310 “Could be”: Wroth ed. 1970
:139. See also, Higginson 1792
:117-18 (reporting“thousands of acres of ground as good as need to be, and not a tree in the same”).
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1706316855
310 Smith’s gallop: Smith 19I0 (vol. 1)
:64. He also saw Indians hunting with fire (70).
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1706316857
311 Bison range: Author’s interview, Woods (citing scarcity of bison bones atarchaeological sites), Roe 1951; Mathiessen 1987
:147-52; Cronon 1983
:51-52 (“were harvesting”).
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1706316859
311 Impact of Native American burning: Pyne 1982
:71-83; Little 1974; Dorney and Dorney 1989; Delcourt et al. 1986; Rostlund 1957a, 1957b.
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1706316861
312 Great Plains and anthropogenic fire: Axelrod 1985; Steuter 1991; Sauer 1975; Williams 1989
:46-48; Lott 2002
:86-88 (“When Lewis and Clark,”88); Kilburn and Brugam 20l0 (“lightning strikes,”45).
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1706316863
312 Fidler’s fires: Fidler 1992 (“Grass all,”“Not a,”“All burnt,”“the grass,”13-15; “The Grass,”36; “very dangerous,”59).
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1706316865
312 Return of forest to Midwest: Williams 1989:46 (Wisconsin, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska); Fisher, Jenkins, and Fisher 1987 (Wyoming); author’s visit, Texas (displays of historical photographs).
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1706316867
312 “disastrous habit”: Palliser 1983
:30.
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1706316869
312 Raup: Raup 1937 (“have been,”84; “inconceivable,”85).
1706316870
1706316871
312 “It is at least”: Brown and Davis 1973
:116, quoted in Williams 2002
:183.
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1706316873
313 维尔：Vale 2002（“适度”，14）；1998。Keeley 2002驳斥了维尔的观点。自然科学家依然不懈地否认当地早期曾有人类存在，实例见于Hillspaugh，Whitlock，and Bartlein 2000[在黄石国家公园这个人类已经居住了数千年的地方检测长期用火频率“为我们提供了一个能够借以思考用火机制对‘气候变化’这个议题的敏感性的自然‘实验’空间”，211（斜体系笔者所加）]。
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1706316875
314 Cahokia description: Author’s visit; author’s interviews, Woods, Pauketat. The best recent summary is Pauketat 2009. But see also, Dalan et al. 2003; Young and Fowler 2000.
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1706316877
314 Biggest population concentration: Iseminger 1997, cited in Woods 2004
:152.
1706316878
1706316879
315 Controversy over mound origins: Silverberg 1968 (Bancroft, 98); Garlinghouse 2001; Kennedy 1994
:230-39; Jefferson 1894
:query X1 (excavation of“barrow”).
1706316880
1706316881
317 Ouachita mounds: Saunders 1997; Pringle 1997 (“I know it,”1762). The mounds no longer overlook the fiver, which has changed its course since their construction.
1706316882
1706316883
318 Psychoactive tobacco: See, e.g., Siegel et al. 1977
:18. The species is Nicotiana rustica.
1706316884
1706316885
318 Origins and rise of eastern North American agriculture: Smith 1993 (“the indigenous crops in question,”14), 1989. See the similar early argument in Linton 1924
:349.
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1706316887
318 东部农业复合体：比较正式的说，东部农业复合体的产物由西葫芦、假苍耳、蓼属直立虎杖草、芦草、大小麦和藜科植物。和向日葵一样，假苍耳的种子含油而可食。直立虎杖草是一种低矮的植物，其种子富含大量淀粉，亦可食用；它并非在美国东部造成隐患的日本虎杖草。芦草和小大麦都是齐膝高的草类，茎部呈穗状，由其制成的谷物或许曾被风干，并被研磨成面粉。藜科植物是一种菠菜一样的绿色植物；不幸的是，它长得有些像有毒的西方龙葵。
1706316888
1706316889
319 霍普韦尔文化：Woodward and McDonald 2002；Romain 2000；Seeman 1979。对弓箭的讨论，见Browne 1938。布朗（Browne）关于弓箭发明年代相对较晚的观点长期得到公认，但近来遭到了挑战（Bradbury 1997）和重新确认（Boszhardt 2002）。
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1706316891
319 Hopewell religion: Brown 1997.
1706316892
1706316893
320 “stunning vigor”: Silverberg 1968
:280-89.
1706316894
1706316895
320 卡霍基亚年表：卡霍基亚年表有很多不同的版本，因为其放射性碳校准得到了反复修正，不过这些差异关乎的更多是细节而非本质。我使用的是Dalan et al. 2003
:69的年表。另见Fowler 1997
:Appendix 1。
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1706316897
321 London population: Weinreb and Hibbert eds. 1993
:630-32.
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1706316899
321 Cahokia not a city: Woods and Wells
:200l.
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