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368 关于给雅诺马马人送礼的争议：Tierney 2000公布并加重了这些以及其它的相关指控。蒂尔尼对此事加重了当地疫情的指控似乎已遭驳斥（见112页的注释），但相关的学术热议掩盖了对不受控制的，以石制工具为礼的行为的讨论（Mann 2001，2000a）。
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369 Absence of slash-and-burn in North America: Doolittle 2000
:174-90 (“gossamer,”I86; “once fields,”I89)
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369 对滥砍滥伐现象起到推动作用的小规模刀耕火种：笔者的访谈，克莱门特，费恩赛德（Fearnside）；Fearnside 2001。费恩赛德的数据比Hadley and Lanly 1983的估值要低，后者认为55%的全美洲热带森林砍伐都要归咎于刀耕火种。
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369 Nutrient loss: Hölscher 1997. I thank Beata Madari for giving a copy of this article to me.
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371 Western Amazon: Author’s visits; author’s interviews, Alvarez, Calla, Clement, Erickson, Hecht, Ranzi, Rioja, Schaan, Stahl, Walker; Erickson 2010; Franca et al. 2010; Saunaluoma 2010; Pärssinen, M., et al. 2009; Schaan et al. 2008; Walker 2008. Portions of this section appeared in Mann 2008.
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378 Meggers survey: Meggers et al. 1988; Meggers 1996
:183-87.
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378 亚马孙中部地带的考古：笔者的访谈，巴尔托，黑肯伯格，内维斯，彼得森；Heckenberger，Petersen，and Neves 2004；Neves et al. 2004；Mann 2002a。我按Stuiver et al. 1988的校准，把未经校准的碳年代做了转换。此处讨论的遗址与其所有者同名，称为哈塔哈拉（Hatahara）。
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379 Rainfall and canopy: Brandt 1988.
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379 Importance of agroforestry: Interviews, Clement. See also, Denevan 2001
:69-70, 83-90, 126-27; Posey 1984; Herrera 1992.
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380 Bluffs as preferred sites: Denevan 1996.
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380 More than half are trees: Clement 1998 (80 percent); 1999a
:199. I am grateful to Dr. Clement for sending me copies of his work.
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381 Uses of peach palm: Interviews, Clement; Mora-Urpi, Weber, and Clement 1997 (“only their wives,”quoted on 19); Clement and Mora-Urpi 1987 (yield); Denevan 2001:77 (saws).
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381 Domestication of peach palm: Clement 1995, 1992., 1988.
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381 Agricultural regression and fallows forests: Balée 2003 (“These old forests,”282.); 1994.
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382 Anthropogenic forests: Interviews, Balée, Clement, Erickson, Nigel Smith, Stahl, Woods; Balée I998; 1989 (11.8 percent, 14); Erickson 1999 (I am grateful to Prof. Erickson for sending me a copy of thispaper); Smith 1995; Stahl 2002, 1996.
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385 “Gift from the past”: I have lifted this phrase from the title of Petersen, Neves, and Heckenberger 2001.
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385 印第安黑土：下述段落多源于杰出的Lehmann et al. eds. 2003；Glaser and Woods eds. 2004；Petersen，Neves，and Heckenberger 2001。通俗版本见Mann 2002b，2000b。Lehmann et al.认为从科学角度来说，ADE（亚马孙黑土）是较terra preta（印第安黑土）更为妥帖的称呼。为了避免简称，我在本书中使用的是后者。
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385 Terra preta valued: Smith 1980
:562 Smith’s fine early article on terra preta was largely ignored on publication—“I got two reprint requests for that article,”he told me. “Nobody was ready to hearit.”
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385 Terra preta distribution estimates: Author’s interviews, Woods, Wim Sombroek; Sombroek et al. 2004
:130 (.1-.3 percent); Kern et al. 2004
:52-53 (terra preta sites every five kilometers along tributaries).
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385 玛雅中心地区：玛雅中心地区（从危地马拉的佩藤地区和伯利兹北部到墨西哥的坎佩切南部和金塔纳罗奥）覆盖了大约15 000平方英里的面积，其中三分之一或是二分之一都用于农业种植。
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386 Charcoal: Glaser, Guggenberger, and Zech 2004; Glaser, Lehmann, and Zech 2002. My thanks to Prof. Glaser for giving me a copy of these articles.
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386 Microbial activity: Author’s interview, Janice Theis; Theis and Suzuki 2004; O’Neill et al. 2009; Grossman et al. 2010.
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386 Charcoal and global warming: Author’s interview, Ogawa; Okimori, Ogawa, and Takahashi 2003.
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386 Kayapó: Author’s interviews, Hecht; Hecht 2004 (“low-biomass,”“cool,”362-63; “To live,”364). I am indebted to Prof. Hecht for several fascinating discussions.
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387 Terra preta experiments: Author’s interview, Steiner; Steiner, Teixeira, and Zech 2004.
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