1706317124
1706317125
387 Río Negro site: Author’s interviews, Bartone, Neves, Petersen; Heckenberger, Petersen, and Neves 2004, 1999.
1706317126
1706317127
387 Timing of terra preta at plantation: Neves et al. 2004
:table 9.2.
1706317128
1706317129
389 Xingu and black earth: Heckenberger et al. 2003 (“regional plan,”“bridges,”1711; “built environment,”1713). For criticism, see Meggers 2003.
1706317130
1706317131
390 Santarém terra preta: Interviews, Woods, Sombroek; author’s visit; Kern et al. 2004.
1706317132
1706317133
390 Meggers reaction: Meggers 200l (“without restraint,”305; “accomplices,”322).A response appears in Heckenberger, Petersen, and Neves 2001.
1706317134
1706317135
390 “Rev up”: DeBoer, Kintigh, and Rostoker 2001
:327.
1706317136
1706317137
390 “没有去适应”：这句短语是我从Erickson 2004（“亚马孙地区的原住民没有去适应自然，而是通过人类的创造力、技术与工程学以及文化机构，创造了他们想要的世界”，456）中窃取来的。
1706317138
1706317139
10. 人造的（荒）原
1706317140
1706317141
391 “all the trees”: Columbus 1963
:84. I discovered this quotation, and the ideas around it, in Crosby 2003
:3-16, 1986
:9-12 (knitting together Pangaea).
1706317142
1706317143
392 Invention of Columbian Exchange: McNeill 2003
:xiv.
1706317144
1706317145
392 Kudzu: Blaustein 2001; Kinbacher 2000.
1706317146
1706317147
392 A thousand kudzus everywhere: Crosby 1986
:154-56 (spinach, mint, peach, endive, clover), 161 (Darwin), 191 (Jamestown, Garcilaso).
1706317148
1706317149
394 Cod and sea urchins: Jackson et al. 2001.
1706317150
1706317151
394 Keystone species: Wilson 1992
:401.
1706317152
1706317153
394 “widowed land”: Chapter title in Jennings 1975.
1706317154
1706317155
395 Passenger pigeons: Schorger 1955 (vomiting, 35; rain of droppings, 54; huge roostings, 10-15, 77-89; excommunication, 51; one out of four, 205).
1706317156
1706317157
395 Muir and pigeons: Muir 1997
:78-82.
1706317158
1706317159
396 Audubon and pigeons: Audubon 1871 (vo1. 5)
:115.
1706317160
1706317161
396 Seneca and pigeon: Harris 1903
:449-51.
1706317162
1706317163
397 “living, pulsing”: French 1919:1.
1706317164
1706317165
397 Leopold and monument: Leopold 1968.
1706317166
1706317167
397 Mast competition, lack of passenger pigeons: Interview, Neumann, Woods; Neumann 2002
:158-64, 169-72; Herrmann and Woods 2003 (I thank Prof.Woods for giving me a copy of this paper).
1706317168
1706317169
399 Seton’s estimate: Seton 1929 (vol. 3)
:654-56. See, in general, Krech 1999
:chap. 5.
1706317170
1706317171
399 Lott’s and other modern estimates of abundance: Lott 2002
:69-76 (“primitive America,”76); Flores I997; 1991 (“perhaps”twenty-eight to thirty million, 471); Weber 200l (“more likely”twenty to forty-four million). Shaw (1995) and Geist (1998) suggested the number should be ten to fifteen million.
1706317172
1706317173
401 Inka tree farms: Daniel W. Gade, pers. comm.
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