打字猴:1.7065492e+09
1706549200 [102] Winter,I. 1995 ‘Homer’s Phoenicians:History,Ethnography,or Literary Trope?[A Perspective on Early Orientalism]’,in J. B. Carter & S. P. Morris(eds.)1995 The Ages of Homer:A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule. Austin. 247-72.
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1706549202 [103] Van Dommelen,P. 1998 In Colonial Grounds:A Comparative Study of Colonialism and Rural Settlement in First Millennium BC West Central Sardinia. Leiden,80-81,111.
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1706549204 [104] Trump,D. 1992 ‘Militarism in Nuragic Sardinia’,in Tykot & Andrews(eds.)1992,198-203;Bonzani,R. M. 1992 ‘Territorial Boundaries,Buffer Zones and Sociopolitical Complexity:A Case Study of the Nuraghi on Sardinia’,in Tykot & Andrews(eds.)1992,210-220.努拉吉的设计与功能的转变或许在努拉吉社会风貌变化方面体现得最好。公元前10世纪,一些经典的努拉吉——通常包括一座要塞塔,其存在与否似乎与努拉吉在社区内部的地位和所有人身份有着莫大干系——演化为更为复杂的建筑群。现在又增加了更多的塔楼和连接墙,表明这些特殊的努拉吉的首要用途是作为军事要塞。这些建筑群似乎往往为已成形的村庄所环绕,表明努拉吉的居民们此时已生活在一个复杂的阶级化社会之中(Ugas,G. 1992 ‘Considerazioni sullo sviluppo dell’architettura e della società nuragica’,in Tykot & Andrews(eds.)1992,229-230)。
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1706549206 [105] 关于埃维亚人早期在苏尔其斯的大规模活动情况见Rendeli,M. 2005 ‘La Sardegna e gli Eubei’,in Bernardini & Zucca(eds.)2005,91-124的论述。
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1706549208 [106] Giardino,C. 1992 ‘Nuragic Sardinia and the Mediterranean:Metallurgy and Maritime Traffic’,in Tykot & Andrews(eds.)1992,304.
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1706549210 [107] González de Canales,F.,Serrano,L.,& Llompart,J. 2006 ‘The Pre-Colonial Phoenician Emporium of Huelva ca. 900-770 BC’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,81:13-29.
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1706549212 [108] Lipinski 2004,234-247.诺拉之石的碑文含义目前学界莫衷一是。佩卡姆(Peckham,B. 1972 ‘The Nora Inscription’,Orientalia,41:457-68)认为这块石碑描述的是米尔卡托恩的船(队)被一场风暴吹离西班牙,后在萨丁尼亚安全登陆的事。克罗斯(1972b)倾向于将碑文内容译为一场远征萨丁尼亚的军事行动,“他施”则是米尔卡托恩与其军队在与萨丁尼亚的土著居民签订协议之前在该岛攻占的一处定居点。克罗斯(1987)还将Pmy(-yton)译为皮格马利翁——公元前9世纪的泰尔之王——是他而不是天神普梅授权米尔卡托恩出兵远征。克罗斯将在诺拉之石上发现的另一段残缺严重的铭文,视为公元前8世纪腓尼基人在萨丁尼亚活动的证据,但这一观点相当苍白无力。
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1706549214 [109] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,5.35.4-5.
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1706549216 [110] Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,288.
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1706549218 [111] Niemeyer,H. G. 1990 ‘The Phoenicians in the Mediterranean:A Non-Greek Model for Expansion and Settlement in Antiquity’,in J.-P. Descœudres(ed.)1990 Greek Colonists and Native Populations:Proceedings of the First Australian Congress of Classical Archaeology Held in Honour of Emeritus Professor A. D. Trendall. Oxford,471-472.
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1706549220 [112] Nijboer,A. J.,& Van de Plicht,J. 2006 ‘An Interpretation of the Radiocarbon Determinations of the Oldest Indigenous-Phoenician Stratum Thus Far Excavated at Huelva,Tartessos(South-West Spain)’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,81:31-6.在韦尔瓦发现了制作于这一时期的腓尼基陶器。
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1706549222 [113] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,281-283.
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1706549224 [114] Strabo,Geography,ed. & tr. H. Jones. 8 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1917-67,3.5.5.
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1706549226 [115] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,5.20.3.116.Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,186-191.
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1706549228 [116] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,186-191.
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1706549230 [117] Herodotus,The Persian Wars,ed. & tr. A. Godley. 4 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1920-25,4.152;关于金属矿石的等价物见Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,279-280。
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1706549232 [118] Aubet,M. 2006 ‘On the Organization of the Phoenician Colonial System in Iberia’,in Riva,C.,& Vella,N.(eds.)2006 Debating Orientalization:Multidisciplinary Approaches to Processes of Change in the Ancient Mediterranean. London,96-105;Van Dommelen,P. 2006 ‘Colonial Matters. Material Culture and Postcolonial Theory in Colonial Situations’,in C. Y. Tilley et al.(eds.)2006 Handbook of Material Culture. London,124-126.
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1706549234 [119] Aubet,M. 2006 ‘On the Organization of the Phoenician Colonial System in Iberia’,in Riva,C.,& Vella,N.(eds.)2006 Debating Orientalization:Multidisciplinary Approaches to Processes of Change in the Ancient Mediterranean. London,106.
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1706549236 [120] 在近东的一些国家,如叙利亚北部的乌加里特。商业协会的领袖与一些成员实际上可以从王室方面领到一份固定的薪水。作为回报,这些商人有时会担任起王家使者的职责。
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1706549238 [121] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,116-119.
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1706549240 [122] Strabo,Geography,ed. & tr. H. Jones. 8 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1917-67,3.5.5;Philostratus,The Life of Apollonius of Tyana,ed. & tr. C. Jones. 2 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,2005,5.4.
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1706549242 [123] Strabo,Geography,ed. & tr. H. Jones. 8 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1917-67,3.5.7.在论及这眼泉的时候,斯特拉波(Strabo)引用了波利比乌斯著作的内容。有趣的是,侬努斯在自己的泰尔建城神话中同样着重描写了这眼传说中的泉。
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1706549244 [124] Aubet,M. 2006 ‘On the Organization of the Phoenician Colonial System in Iberia’,in Riva,C.,& Vella,N.(eds.)2006 Debating Orientalization:Multidisciplinary Approaches to Processes of Change in the Ancient Mediterranean. London,106.
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1706549246 [125] 公元3世纪的一位访客,提亚纳的阿波罗尼乌斯(Apollonius of Tyana)向神庙的祭司咨询过这些奇怪的铭文的含义,但他们无法给出任何解释。阿波罗尼乌斯于是提出自己的见解:“这些柱子将大地与天堂连接在一起,他(造物主)将它们刻在命运神殿之中,以确保各个元素之间不会发生冲突,以及它们不会忽略对彼此的爱护。”(Philostratus,The Life of Apollonius of Tyana,ed. & tr. C. Jones. 2 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,2005,5.4-5)
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1706549248 [126] Justin,Apologies,ed. A. Blunt. Cambridge,1911,44.5.2.
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