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[80] 同样有迹象表明,一些女性天神在该地受人膜拜,其中包括阿施塔特、塔尼特(锡德之母)和德墨忒耳。
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[81] Mezzolani,A. 1999 ‘L’espace privé chez les Puniques:remarques sur les salles d’eau’,in Pisano(ed.)1999,107-24.
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[82] 关于铁器时代的北非利比亚人的一篇优秀研究论文可见Hodos,T. 2006 Local Responses to Colonization in the Iron Age Mediterranean. London,158-199。
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[83] Huss,W. 1985 Geschichte der Karthager. Munich,70-74.在一篇年代可追溯到公元前3世纪或前2世纪的希腊海洋学文献中,迦太基对北非广大地区的影响力被用强有力的笔触加以强调。“在利比亚境内有记载的所有城镇或商业中心,从瑟提斯到金苹果园,再到利比亚的赫拉克勒斯之柱,全都属于迦太基人。”(Pseudo-Scylax,Periplus,in J. Hudson & J. Gail(eds.),Geographi Graeci Minores. Paris,1831,111)
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[84] 迦太基人在这一地区种植了大量橄榄树,当地的农田如今仍因这类作物而闻名于世。
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[85] Bechtold,B. 2008 Observations on the Amphora Repertoire of Middle Punic Carthage. Ghent,47-48,75.
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[86] Greene,J. 1986 ‘The Carthaginian Countryside:Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Hinterland of Ancient Carthage’. Unpublished PhD dissertation,University of Chicago,109-116;Fentress,E.,& Docter,R. 2008 ‘North Africa:Rural Settlement and Agricultural Production’,in P. Van Dommelen & C. Gómez Bellard(eds.)2008 Rural Landscapes of the Punic World. London,105.
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[87] Fantar,M. 1984 ‘A Gammarth avant la conquête romaine’,Histoire et archéologie de L’Afrique du Nord(Actes 1 Colloque I International Perpignan 1981). Paris. 3-19.
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[88] Pliny,Natural History,ed. & tr. H. Rackham,W. Jones & D. Eichholz. 10 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1962-7,18.22. Fantar,M. 1998 ‘De l’agriculture à Carthage’,Africa Romana,118.事实上,马戈的著作曾66次为希腊及罗马作家所引用(Devillers,O.,& Krings,V. 1994 ‘Autour de l’agronome Magon’,Africa Romana,490-492)。对牛的选择与照料见Columella,On Agriculture,ed. & tr. E. Forster & E. Heffner. 3 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1941-55,6.1.3;Varro,On Agriculture,ed. & tr. W. Hooper & H. Ash. Cambridge,Mass.,1934,2.5.18。关于果树的篇章见Pliny,Natural History,ed. & tr. H. Rackham,W. Jones & D. Eichholz. 10 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1962-7,17.63-64,131。罗马作家老普林尼暗示说,马戈不仅仅是个农业专家,还通晓排兵布阵之道,这使得一些人猜测他其实就是一份希腊文献中提到的“将迦太基人从泰尔人改造成利比亚人”的那个人(Pliny,Natural History,ed. & tr. H. Rackham,W. Jones & D. Eichholz. 10 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1962-7,18.22)。从马戈所处的年代到公元前5世纪的研究见Fantar,M. 1998 ‘De l’agriculture à Carthage’,Africa Romana,114-115;Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,257-259。
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[89] Hurst,H.,& Stager,L. 1978 ‘A Metropolitan Landscape:The Late Punic Port of Carthage’,World Archaeology,338-340.
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[90] 关于酿酒业在北非迦太基地区的开始的研究见Greene,J. 2000 ‘The Beginnings of Grape Cultivation and Wine Production in Phoenician/Punic North Africa’,in P. McGovern,S. Fleming & S. Katz(eds.)2000 The Origins and Ancient History of Wine. London. 311-22。
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[91] Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,269-279.
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[92] 在回程探索直到加迪斯的大西洋海岸之前,据说皮西亚斯就已乘船沿赫拉克勒斯之柱与法国的大西洋海岸上行,顺着英吉利海峡来到了斯堪的纳维亚、波罗的海地区、顿河河口,甚至进抵奥克尼群岛(Orkneys)。关于这次航行的全面讨论见迪昂(Dion,R. 1977 Aspects politiques de la géographie antique. Paris),175-222。然而,并无证据支持迪昂(Dion,R. 1977 Aspects politiques de la géographie antique. Paris,175-176)所提出的,这次远征是受亚历山大大帝之托的主张。迪昂似乎在很大程度上受到了阿里安那带有希腊中心论色彩的观点(Anabasis 5.26.1-6)——在征服了亚洲之后,亚历山大将目标转向西方——的影响。
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[93] 关于这两支迦太基探险队为同一时期组建并得到了迦太基王国认可的观点见Pliny,Natural History,ed. & tr. H. Rackham,W. Jones & D. Eichholz. 10 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1962-7,2.169。
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[94] Bello Jiménez,V. 2005 Allende las columnas:la presencia cartaginesa en el Atlántico entre los siglos VI y III a.C. Las Palmas,17-34.
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[95] Festus Rufus Avienus,Ora Maritima or Description of the Seacoast,ed. & tr. J. Murphy. Chicago,1999,114-129,380-389,404-415.关于阿维斯努斯说法真实性的争论见Picard,G.,& Picard,C. 1961 Daily Life in Carthage. London,236-237。老普林尼在其著作《自然史》(2.169)中同样将希米尔科的航行称为“前往欧洲外海海岸的探险”。
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[96] Picard,G.,& Picard,C. 1961 Daily Life in Carthage. London,239认为这些怪物可能是鲸鱼,但这种海怪在希腊及罗马人对北方土地的描写中司空见惯,它往往是蛮荒与另类的隐秘代码。
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[97] Herodotus,The Persian Wars,ed. & tr. A. Godley. 4 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1920-25,3.115;Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,5.21.30;Strabo,Geography,ed. & tr. H. Jones. 8 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1917-67,2.5.15,3.2.9,3.5.11,6.2.5;Pliny,Natural History,ed. & tr. H. Rackham,W. Jones & D. Eichholz. 10 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1962-7,4.119,7.197,34.156-158.
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[98] Hanno the Carthaginian,Periplus or Circumnavigation [of Africa],ed. & tr. A. Oikonomides & M. Miller. Chicago,1995,1;Blomqvist,J. 1979 The Date and Origin of the Greek Version of Hanno’s Periplus. Lund,5.汉诺的航行日期被学者们推定为公元前5世纪上半叶(Demerliac,J.-G.,& Meirat,J. 1983 Hannon et l’Empire Punique. Paris,9),或公元前6世纪上半叶(Lacroix,W. 1998 Africa in Antiquity:A Linguistic and Toponymic Analysis of Ptolemy’s Map of Africa. Saarbrücken,345)。这份从年代可追溯到公元10世纪的《佩里普拉斯》中节选的手稿内容见Lacroix,W. 1998 Africa in Antiquity:A Linguistic and Toponymic Analysis of Ptolemy’s Map of Africa. Saarbrücken,343。
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[99] Hanno the Carthaginian,Periplus or Circumnavigation [of Africa],ed. & tr. A. Oikonomides & M. Miller. Chicago,1995,1-8.对汉诺航程所做的最为全面的记载为Demerliac,J.-G.,& Meirat,J. 1983 Hannon et l’Empire Punique. Paris和Lacroix,W. 1998 Africa in Antiquity:A Linguistic and Toponymic Analysis of Ptolemy’s Map of Africa. Saarbrücken。
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[100] Hanno the Carthaginian,Periplus or Circumnavigation [of Africa],ed. & tr. A. Oikonomides & M. Miller. Chicago,1995,9-12.其他学者认为这些山脉坐落于利比里亚首都蒙罗维亚(Monrovia)近郊。
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[101] Hanno the Carthaginian,Periplus or Circumnavigation [of Africa],ed. & tr. A. Oikonomides & M. Miller. Chicago,1995,13-14.
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[102] Lacroix,W. 1998 Africa in Antiquity:A Linguistic and Toponymic Analysis of Ptolemy’s Map of Africa. Saarbrücken,375-380.
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[103] Pliny,Natural History,ed. & tr. H. Rackham,W. Jones & D. Eichholz. 10 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1962-7,6.200.
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[104] Hanno the Carthaginian,Periplus or Circumnavigation [of Africa],ed. & tr. A. Oikonomides & M. Miller. Chicago,1995,15-18.一些人认为汉诺提前返航是为了掩饰迦太基舰队秘密进行环非洲航行的事实(Lacroix,W. 1998 Africa in Antiquity:A Linguistic and Toponymic Analysis of Ptolemy’s Map of Africa. Saarbrücken,380-384)。这一观点完全立足于于普林尼所宣称的汉诺成功从加迪斯出发,绕过非洲来到阿拉伯半岛的说法(NH 2.169)。然而,所有其他材料均证实汉诺的返航实际上是因为缺水、酷暑及岩浆从河流注入大海所致(Arrian,Indike,ed. & French tr. P. Chantraine. Paris,1927,43.11-12;Pomponius Mela,De Chorographia [Description of the World],tr. F. Romer. Ann Arbor,1998,3.89)。
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