1706699120
[2] 认同问题已经成为了学术研究的一个主要关注所在。参见Frank Dikötter(冯客), The Discourse of Race in Modern China(London: Hurst & Company, 1992); Prasenjit Duara(杜赞奇), Rescuing History From the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1995); 以及James Townsend,“Chinese Nationalism,” The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 27(January 1992), pp.97-130。Joseph R.Levension(列文森),Confucian China and Its Modern Fate(Berkeley
:University of California Press, 1965), 尤其是1
:95-108, 突出强调了这一问题。最近的工作则尝试将传统的认同形式与民族认同联系起来——参见Bryna Goodman,Native Place, City, and Nation: Reginal Networks and Identities in Shanghai, 1853-1937 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); 以及Kenneth Pomeranz(彭慕兰), “Ritual Imitation and Political Identity in North China: The Late Imperial Legacy and the Chinese National State Revisited,”Twentieth Century China vol.23,no.1(November 1997), pp.1-30。Benedict Anderson重开民族主义主题且经常被引用的著作:Imagined Communities:Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism(London: Verso, New Left Books, 1983)。
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1706699122
[3] 参见Pamela Crossley(柯娇燕),Translucent Mirror
:History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology(Berkeley
:University of California Press,1999); 以及Mark C.Elliott(欧立德),The Manchu Way
:The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press,2001)。
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1706699124
[4] Benedict Andersion, Imagined Communities,pp.6-7.
1706699125
1706699126
[5] 参见James Watson(华琛), “Standardizing the Gods
:The Promotion of T’ien Hou(天后)”,收入David Johnson(姜士彬),Andrew Nathan(黎安友)以及Evelyn Rawski(罗友枝)编:Popular Culture in Late Imperial China (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1985),pp.292-324;以及“The Struture of Chinese Funerary Rites”,收入Evelyn Rawski (罗友枝)与James Watson(华琛)编:Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp.3-19。
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1706699128
[6] 参见Kenneth Pomeranz(彭慕兰),“Ritual Imitation and Political Identity”,收入Prasenjit Duara(杜赞奇), Culture,Power, and the State: Rural North China, 1900-1942 (Stanford
:Stanford University Press,1988)。
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1706699130
[7] Victor H.Mair(梅维恒),“Language and Ideology in the Written Popularizations of Sacred Edict”,收入David Johnson(姜士彬)等编:Popular Culture in Late Imperial China,pp.325-359。
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[8] 引自Bryna Goodman,Native Place, City, and Nation: Regional Networks and Identities in Shanghai,1853-1937,p.13。
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[9] 同上书,p.313。
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1706699136
[10] 参见Benjanmin Schwartz(史华慈), In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964),该书是英语学界对严复的最具权威性的研究;还可参见James Reeve Pusey(浦嘉珉),China and Charles Darwin(Cambridge, MA
:Harvard University Press, 1983), 该书是对这一问题的更宽泛研究。
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1706699138
[11] Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought(Boston
:Beacon Press,1955), p.3.
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[12] 同上书,p.5。
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1706699142
[13] “该词第一次进入……[英国]政治是在19世纪70年代,直到70年代末仍是一个新词。到了19世纪90年代,它突然被普遍使用。”Eric Hobsbawm,The Age of Empire(New York
:Pantheon Books,1987),p.60.
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1706699144
[14] 吴稚晖:《无政府主义以教育为革命说》(1908年9月19日)。引自Peter Zarrow(沙培德), Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture(New York
:Columbia University Press, 1990),p.121。
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1706699146
[15] 引自Jerome B.Grieder(贾祖麟),Intellectuals and the State in Modern China(New York: The Free Press,1981),p.117。
1706699147
1706699148
[16] 引自Tse-tsung Chow(周策纵),“The Anti-Confucian Movement in Early Republican China”,收入A.F.Wright(芮沃寿)编:The Confucian Persuasion(Stanford
:Stanford University Press, 1960),p.292。
1706699149
1706699150
[17] 这一点是现代哲学家与历史学家Isaiah Berlin半带戏谑地提出的。
1706699151
1706699152
[18] 参见Kenneth B. Pyle, The New Generation in Meiji Japan: Problems of Cultural Identity, 1885-1895 (Stanford
:Stanford University Press,1969)。
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1706699154
[19] Hao Chang(张灏), Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890-1907 (Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press, 1971)。对梁启超公民权观念的讨论,还可参见Peter Zarrow(沙培德), “Introduction: Citizenship in China and the West”,收入Joshua A.Fogel(傅佛果)与Peter G.Zarrow(沙培德)编:Imagining the people: Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship, 1890-1920 (Armonk, NY
:M.E.Sharpe,1997),pp.3-38,以及Andrew J.Nathan(黎安友),Chinese Democracy(Berkeley
:University of California Press, 1986),pp.45-66。
1706699155
1706699156
[20] 梁启超:《论近世国民竞争之大势及中国前途》(1899年)。引自Hao Chang(张灏),Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890-1907 ,p.164。
1706699157
1706699158
[21] 梁启超:《新民说》(台北,台湾中华,1959),12~16页;参见Hao Chang(张灏),Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890-1907 , pp.151-152。
1706699159
1706699160
[22] 引自Wm.Theodore de Bary(狄百瑞)等编:Sources of Chinese Tradition, 2 Vols (New York
:Columbia University Press, 1960),2
:95。
1706699161
1706699162
[23] 梁启超:《新民说》。引自Hao Chang(张灏),Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890-1907 , p.100。
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1706699164
[24] 梁启超:《新民说》,6页。
1706699165
1706699166
[25] 引自Joan Judge(季家珍), Print and Politics: Shibao and the Culture of Reform in Late Qing China(Stanford
:Stanford University Press, 1996),p.59(修订版)。
1706699167
1706699168
[26] 一个稍微有些不同的解释,见Stephen Angle(安靖如), Human Rights and Chinese Thought
:A Cross-Cultural Inquiry(Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press,2002),pp.140-162。
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