打字猴:1.70734648e+09
1707346480 197 Churchill,The Second World War,vol. 2,第 544 页;Knox,Mussolini Unleashed,第 256 页(这里记载的意大利被俘士兵的人数为 11.5 万人);Lothar Gruchmann,Der Zweite Weltkrieg(Munich,4th edn.,1975),第 107 页,统计在 12 月上旬至 2 月上旬之间,意大利有 13 万人被俘,损失 470 辆坦克和 1300 门大炮,而英军损失微乎其微。
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1707346482 198 在意大利入侵之前,英国对于向希腊提供军事援助没有什么热情。See John S. Koliopoulos, Greece and the British Connection 1935—1941, Oxford, 1977,pp. 134—142. 意大利发动进攻之后,英国很想让意大利和希腊之间的战争继续打下去,防止希腊落入德国掌握之中。英国认为,希腊及其克里特岛对于埃及防务很重要。但是英国能够从北非节省出来援助给希腊的军事物资非常有限。See Martin van Creveld, ‘Prelude to Disaster. The British Decision to Aid Greece, 1940—1941’, Journal of Contemporary History, 9 (1974), pp. 65—92. 起初英国在希腊没有军队,后来因为南斯拉夫发生了危机,英国在 1941 年 3 月底从中东匆匆调来了部队。这个调动后来被认为是一个战略错误,因为它让敌人在北非战场夺得了主动权。德国在 4 月 6 日对希腊和南斯拉夫发动进攻。到月底,大约有 5 万英国和英联邦军队撤离,还有 7000 人被俘(Dear and Foot,第 102—106 页)。
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1707346484 199 DRZW, vol. 3, pp. 421—422.
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1707346486 200 Creveld, Hitler’s Strategy, pp. 134—135.
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1707346488 201 The Testament of Adolf Hitler. The Hitler–Bormann Documents February—April 1945, ed. François Genoud, London, 1961, pp. 65, 72—73, 81.
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1707346490 202 See Andreas Hillgruber, Hitlers Strategie. Politik und Kriegführung 1940—1941, 3rd edn., Bonn, 1993, p. 506 n. 26.
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1707346492 203 Rintelen,第 90 页,第 92—93 页,第 98—99 页,强调了从德国的角度来看,意大利没有占领马耳他是个战略错误。
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1707346494 204 Rintelen, p. 101.
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1707346496 205 James J. Sadkovich, ‘The Italo-Greek War in Context. Italian Priorities and Axis Diplomacy’, Journal of Contemporary History, 28 (1993), pp. 439—464, at p. 440, and see also p. 455.
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1707346498 206 Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs 1939—1945, London, 1990, pp. 154—155.
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1707346500 207 James J. Sadkovich, ‘Understanding Defeat. Reappraising Italy’s Role in World War II’, Journal of Contemporary History, 24 (1989), pp. 27—61, at p. 38.
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1707346502 208 Dear and Foot, pp. 504—508. Mark Mazower,Inside Hitler’s Greece:The Experience of Occupation,1941—44(New Haven/London,1993),第 362—373 页,生动描述了在德国对希腊结束占领后,希腊逐步陷入内战的可怕情景。
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1707346504 209 See Creveld, Hitler’s Strategy, p. 163.
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1707346506 210 Sadkovich, ‘The Italo-Greek War’, p. 446.
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1707346508 211 See Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, p. 209.
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1707346510 212 Badoglio, p. 29; also cited in Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, p. 236; and (with slightly differing translation) Cervi, pp. 149—150.
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1707346512 213 Ciano’s Diary, p. 298; Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, pp. 215—216.
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1707346514 214 Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2, p. 548. 但是,Brian R. Sullivan,“‘Where One Man, and Only One Man, Led’:Italy’s Path from Non-Alignment to Non-Belligerency to War,1937—1940”,in Wylie,第 149 页,接受了丘吉尔的这一观点。
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1707346516 215 Mack Smith,Mussolini as a Military Leader,第 23 页,指出高级军官们用“领袖的天才”来推脱自己的责任。
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1707346518 第五章 华盛顿特区,1940 年夏季到 1941 年春季
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1707346520 1 The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, ed. Samuel I. Rosenman, vol. 9, New York, 1940, p. 517.
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1707346522 2 Public Opinion 1935—1946, ed. Hadley Cantrill, Westport, Conn., 1951, p. 971.
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1707346524 3 Public Opinion, p. 973.
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1707346526 4 Yale University Library, Henry L. Stimson Diaries 1909—1945, Reel 6, entry for 19.12.40; William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason, The Undeclared War, 1940—1941, New York, 1953, p. 243.
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1707346528 5 Quoted in John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, vol. 2: Years of Urgency, 1938—1941, Boston, 1965, p. 254 (from the diary entry of 14.5.41).
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