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210 FDR’s Fireside Chats, p. 167.
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211 FDR’s Fireside Chats, pp. 164—173.
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212 Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor, p. 108; Langer and Gleason, The Undeclared War, pp. 249—250, quoting the New York Herald Tribune, 30.12.40, the Christian Science Monitor, 30.12.40, and the New York Times, 31.12.40. 关于公众对罗斯福“炉边谈话”的反应和罗斯福对民意小心翼翼的态度,参见 Casey,第 30—37 页。
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213 Langer and Gleason, The Undeclared War, p. 253.
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214 Langer and Gleason, The Undeclared War, p. 254, citing New York Times, 12.1.41. 12 月到 1 月间,民意的变化并不大,支持不惜投入战争也要援助英国的人与急于“避免投入战争”的人的比例仍是 2
:1(Leigh,第 78 页)。
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215 Langer and Gleason, The Undeclared War, pp. 253—254; Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor, pp. 108—109.
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216 Blum, pp. 211—217; Kimball, The Most Unsordid Act, pp. 132—139.
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217 Public Opinion, pp. 409—410.
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218 Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor, p. 111.
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219 Richard Norton Smith, The Colonel. The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick 1880—1955, Boston/New York, 1997, pp. 398—409.
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220 Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor, pp. 110—114, and Kennedy, pp. 470—474, for brief summaries. Langer and Gleason,The Undeclared War,第 254—284 页,尤其是 Kimball,The Most Unsordid Act,第 132—229 页,详细介绍了租借法案的起草与在国会通过的过程。
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221 Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. 1, pp. 265—267.
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222 Public Papers and Addresses, vol. 10 (1941), pp. 61, 63.
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223 Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2, p. 501; Churchill, Great War Speeches,p. 101. See also Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. 1, p. 264.英国国王乔治六世虽然肯定认识到美国援助的重要性,但似乎对此不那么热心。他在 1941 年 4 月 14 日给哈利法克斯勋爵写信说,他“对租借基地不很高兴,因为美国要把太多的东西写成书面文件。一切都以他们的利益为出发点,没有通融……我希望美国人不是想把我们的美元资产全部耗光。目前他们聚敛着全世界的黄金,他们要这些有什么用?他们不可以让我们破产。至少我希望这不是他们的目的”(Borthwick Institute,University of York,Halifax Papers,A2.278.26.1)。
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224 Churchill, Great War Speeches, p. 105 (from his broadcast on 22.6.41).
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225 Kimball, The Most Unsordid Act, pp. 9, 241; Divine, The Reluctant Belligerent,p. 106.
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226 Hillgruber, Hitlers Strategie, pp. 400—401; Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, ed. Elke Fröhlich, part I, vol. 9, Munich, 1998, p. 186 (14.3.41); Langer and Gleason, The Undeclared War, p. 422.
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227 Quoted in Freidel, p. 362.
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228 Freidel, p. 323. 很多人也有同样的想法。See Wayne S. Cole, Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle against American Intervention in World War II, New York/London, 1974, pp. 146—147.
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229 Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. 1, pp. 267—268.
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230 Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor, pp. 114—116.
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231 Stimson Diaries, Reel 6, entry for 29.12.40; Kimball, The Most Unsordid Act, p. 129.
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232 Sherwood, White House Papers, vol. 1, p. 271. 见 Freidel,第 366 页,罗斯福确信只有用美国远征军和德国正面作战才能获得最终胜利。他在 1941 年春夏谈起过组建一支 75000 人的美国远征军派往西半球以外的地区作战(Casey,第 15 页)。
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233 关于来自大西洋和太平洋彼岸的威胁对美国政府来说孰轻孰重,一个说明问题的征兆就是罗斯福在珍珠港事件前 11 个月中的所有讲话里,总共只提起日本 4 次,而提到希特勒和纳粹主义超过 150 次(Casey,第 39—40 页)。
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234 Heinrichs, Threshold of War, p. 38.
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