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6 John Masson Smith Jr，‘Mongol Society and Military in the Middle East：Antecedents and Adaptations’，in War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean，7th and 15th Centuries，ed. Yaacov Lev（Leiden，1996），p. 249；Valery Alexeev，‘Some Aspects of the Study of Productive Forces in the Empire of Chenghiz Khan’，in The Rulers From the Steppe: State Formation on the Eurasian Periphery，ed. Gary Seaman and Daniel Marks（Los Angeles，CA，1991），pp. 189-190. 最广为接受的数字是蒙科耶夫（Ts. Munkeyev）提出的 70 万。克恰诺夫（E. I. Kychanov）估计的数字稍高，为 100 万，阿列克谢耶夫（V. Alexeev）的估计数字则稍低，为 50 万，而 J. M. Smith Jr 估计为 85 万。蒙古国学者策·达莱（Ch. Dalai）提出异议，估计应为 200 万~250 万。
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7 Ch’i-ch’ing Hsiao（萧启庆），trans. 《元史》卷 98、卷 99，in The Military Establishment of the Yuan Dynasty（Cambridge，1978），pp. 72-91；92-124。
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8 H. D. Martin，The Rise of Chinggis Khan and his Conquest of North China（Baltimore，MD，1950），p. 15.
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9 Timothy May，The Mongol Art of War（Barnsley，2007），pp. 30-31.
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10 Udo B. Barkmann，‘Some Comments on the Consequences of the Decline of the Mongol Empire on Social Development of the Mongols’，in The Mongol Empire and its Legacy，ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David O. Morgan（Leiden，2001），p. 277.
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11 William of Rubruck，The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Mongke，1253-1255，trans. Peter Jackson（London，1990），pp. 183-186；William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’in The Mission to Asia，trans. a nun from Stanbrook Abbey，ed. Christopher Dawson（Toronto，1980），pp. 157，177-178.
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12 Thomas T. Allsen，Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles（Cambridge，2002），p. 35.
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13 Li Chih-Chang，The Travels of an Alchemist（London，2005），pp. 85-87.
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14 Allsen，Commodity and Exchange，p. 38.
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15 William of Rubruck，Mission of Friar William of Rubruck，pp. 144-145；William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’，p. 135.
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16 Rashid al-Din，Jami’al-Tawarikh，ed. B. Karimi（Tehran，1983），vol. I，p. 216；Juzjani，Tabaqat-i Nasiri，trans. Raverty，p. 1158.
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17 原文误作“Hangzhou”。——译者
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