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18 关于蒙古帝国技术人员迁移的最佳详细考察，参看 Thomas T. Allsen，‘Technician Transfers in the Mongolian Empire’，Central Eurasian Lectures，II（Bloomington，IN，2002）。亦可参看 James C. Y. Watt，‘A Note on Artistic Exchanges in the Mongol Empire’，in The Legacy of Genghis Khan，ed. Linda Komaroff and Stefano Carboni（New Haven，CT，2002）。
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19 William of Rubruck，Mission of Friar William of Rubruck，p. 162；William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’，p. 144；Timothy Brook，The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties（Cambridge，MA，2010），pp. 146-147.
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20 Rachewiltz，Secret History of the Mongols，pp. 55，61-62. 主儿乞部的著名摔跤手不里孛阔被成吉思汗的异母弟别里古台折断了脊背，意味着主儿乞部独立性的终结。不里孛阔是一名比别里古台更优秀的摔跤手。
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21 Thomas T. Allsen，‘Command Performances：Entertainers in the Mongolian Empire’，Russian History，XXVIII（2001），p. 40；Juvaini，Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha，pp. 183-184；Juvaini，History of the World-Conqueror，pp. 227-228.
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22 Grigor of Akanc，‘The History of the Nation of Archers’，trans. Robert P. Blake and Richard N. Frye，Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies，XII（1949），pp. 345-349.
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23 Allsen，‘Command Performances’，p. 41.
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24 原文为“Peking opera”。——译者
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25 Dolores Menstell Hu，‘Musical Elements of Chinese Opera’，Musical Quarterly，I/4（1946），p. 447.
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26 John of Plano Carpini，‘History of the Mongols’，in The Mission to Asia，trans. a nun from Stanbrook Abbey，ed. Christopher Dawson，（Toronto，1980），pp. 57；William of Rubruck，Mission of Friar William of Rubruck，pp. 76-78；William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’，pp. 96-97.
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27 Allsen，‘Command Performances’，p. 43.
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28 同上，pp. 44，45。
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29 Tatiana Zerjal，Yali Xue，et al.，‘The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols’，American Journal of Human Genetics，LXXII（2003），pp. 717-721.
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30 William of Rubruck，Mission of Friar William of Rubruck，p. 182；William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’，p. 157；Simon de Saint-Quentin，Histoire des Tartares，ed. Jean Richard（Paris，1965），pp. 48，75；Gregory G. Guzman，‘European Captives and Craftsmen among the Mongols，1231-1255’，The Historian，LXXII/l（2010），p. 136.
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