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[20]最好的讲论仍然是D.Hay,Europe:The Emergence of an Idea (Edinburgh,1957)。
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[21]在欧洲“文化梯度”中的俄罗斯的位置,参见Catherine Evtubov and S.Kotkin (eds.),The Cultural Gradient:The Transmission of Ideas in Europe 1788–1991 (Oxford,2003)。
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[22]对辩论的最新述评,参见P.K.O’Brien,‘Metanarratives in Global Histories of Material Progress’,International History Review 22,2 (2001),pp.345–367。
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[23]参见《国富论》第一篇,第2章。
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[24]A.de Tocqueville,Democracy in America (1835;Everyman edn,London,1994),vol.1,p.332.
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[25]参见Eisenstadt,‘ Multiple Modernities’。
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[26]D.Obolensky,The Byzantine Commonwealth (London,1971)和M.Whittow,The Making of Orthodox Byzantium 600–1025 (London,1996)提供了最好的一般评论。
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[27]经典的评论G.Duby,The Early Growth of the European Economy (1973;英文版翻译 Ithaca,NY,1974)。现在应该与下面书籍相对照:C.Wickham,Framing the Early Middle Ages (Oxford,2005)。
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[28]参见M.Lombard,‘La Chasse et les produits de chasse dans le monde musulman VIIle–XIe siecles’,in M.Lombard,Espaces et reseaux du hai Moyen Age (Paris,1972),pp.176–204。
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[29]参见A.Lewis,The Sea and Mediaeval Civilisation (London,1978),第14章;K.Leyser,‘ Theophanus divine gratia imperatrix Augusta’,见Timothy Reuter(ed.),Communications and Power in Medieval Europe:The Carolingian and Ottoman Centuries (London,1994)。
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[30]对公元10世纪80年代基辅向基督教皈依,参见S.Franklin and J.Shepard,The Emergence of Rus 750–1200 (London,1996),第4章。
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[31]R.Bartlett,The Making of Europe:Conquest,Colonisation and Cultural Changes (London,1980),有着精辟的讨论。
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[32]参见R.Fletcher,The Conversion of Europe (London,1997);E.Christiansen,The Northern Crusades (London,1980)。
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[33]Duby,Early Growth,pp.257–262.
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[34]参见E.Ashtor,Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages (Princeton,1983),pp.462,469,512。
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[35]R.Fletcher,Moorish Spain (London,1992),第7章。
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[36]A.Wink,Al-Hind:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World,vol.1:Early Mediaeval India and the Expansion of Islam,7th–11th Centuries (Leiden,1996),p.23.
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[37]参见A.M.Watson,Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World:The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques 700–1100 (Cambridge,1975)。
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[38]参见P.Ratchnebsky,Genghis Khan:His Life and Legacy (1983;英译本,Oxford,1991)。
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[39]Ibn Khaldun,The Muqadimmah:An Introduction to History,F.Rosenthal英译本(London,1967)。Muqadimmah在19世纪60年代被译成法语。英文的全译本出现在1958年,本卷是一个节本。
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[40]经典分析见P.Crone,Slaves on Horses:The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge,1980)。
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[41]参见D.Pipes,Slaves Soldiers and Islam (New Haven and London,1981)。
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[42]M.G.S.Hodgson,The Venture of Islam (3 vols.,Chicago,1974)是一份精彩分析概述。
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[43]伊斯兰教苏非派教职称谓。波斯语音译,意为“导师”“领导者”。波斯和印度的苏非派对其导师的尊称。
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[44]R.R.Di Miglio,‘Egypt and China:Trade and Imitation’,in D.S.Richards (eds.),Islam and the Trade of Asia (Oxford,1970),pp.106–122.
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