1707501850
[8]A.Das Gupta，Merchants of Maritime India (Aldershot，1994)：‘The Maritime Merchant of Medieval India’，p.8;Pearson，Portuguese in India，p.56.
1707501851
1707501852
[9]S.Subrahmanyam and L.F.F.R.Thomaz，‘Evolution of Empire：The Portuguese in the India Ocean in the Sixteenth Century’，in J.D.Tracy (ed.)，The Political Economy of Merchant Empires：State Power and World Trade 1350–1750 (Cambridge，1991)，p.318.
1707501853
1707501854
[10]关于美洲贸易的意义，见J.C.Boyajian，Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs (Baltimore and London，1993)。
1707501855
1707501856
[11]G.B.Souza，The Survival of EmpireL Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Seas，1630–1754 (Cambridge，1986)，p.229.
1707501857
1707501858
[12]Hamdani，‘Islamic background’.
1707501859
1707501860
[13]Chaunu，European Expansion，p.170.
1707501861
1707501862
[14]R.Hassig，Mexico and the Spanish Conquest (London，1994)，p.146.
1707501863
1707501864
[15]T.Todorov，La Conquete de l’Amerique (Paris，1982).
1707501865
1707501866
[16]对这些数据历史学家一直争论了几十年。关于近来的概述，见Linda A.Newson，‘The Demographic Collapse of Native Peoples in the Americas，1491–1650’，in W.Bray (ed.)，The Meeting of Two Worlds：Europe and the Americas，1492–1650，发表于Proceedings of the British Academy 81 (1993)，pp.249–277。关于秘鲁的90%的死亡估计数，见D.N.Cook，Demographic Collapse：Indian Peru 1520–1620 (Cambridge，1981)，p.116。
1707501867
1707501868
[17]P.Calvasco，‘The Political Economy if the Aztec and Inca States’，in G.Collier，R.Rosaldo and J.D.Wirth (eds.)，The Inca and Aztez States，1400–1800：Anthropology and History (New York,1982).
1707501869
1707501870
[18]B.A.Tenenbaum (ed.)，Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture (New York，1996)，vol.4，p.435.
1707501871
1707501872
[19]关于以巴拿马为基地的商人加斯帕尔·埃斯皮诺萨，参见G.L.Villena，Les Espinosa (Paris，1968)。
1707501873
1707501874
[20]G.W.Conrad and A.A.Demarest，Religion and Empire：The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism (Cambridge，1984).
1707501875
1707501876
[21]这是本书的主题。S.Gruzinski，The Conquest of Mexico (1988;英译本 London，1993)。
1707501877
1707501878
[22]H.S.Klein and J.J.TePaske，‘The Seventeenth-Century Crisis in New Spain：Myth or Reality?’，Past and Present 91 (1981)，pp.116–135.
1707501879
1707501880
[23]J.I.Israel，Race and Class in Colonial Mexico 1610–1670 (Oxford，1975)，p.8.
1707501881
1707501882
[24]Gruzinski，Conquest，p.152.
1707501883
1707501884
[25] F.F.Berdan，‘Trauma and Transition in Sixteenth-Century Central Mexico’，in Bray(ed.)，The Meeting of Two World，p.187.
1707501885
1707501886
[26]A.Hennessy，‘The Nature of the Conquest and the Conquistadors’，in Bray(ed.)，The Meeting of Two World，p.23.
1707501887
1707501888
[27]Gruzinski，Conquest，pp.176–187.
1707501889
1707501890
[28] Berdan，‘Trauma and Transition’，p.190.
1707501891
1707501892
[29]J.Lockhart，Spanish Peru 1532–1560：A Colonial Society (Madison，1968).
1707501893
1707501894
[30]Hennessy，‘Nature of the Conquest’，p.19.
1707501895
1707501896
[31]Ortega y Gasset，为R.H.Billington，The Icon and the Axe：An Interpretive History of Russian Culture (pbk edn，New York,1970)，p.71
1707501897
1707501898
[32]H.Birnbaum，‘The Balkan Slavic Component of Medieval Russian Culture ’，in H.Birnbaum and M.S.Flier (eds.)，Medieval Russian Culture (London，1984)，pp.3–30.
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