打字猴:1.7075019e+09
1707501900 [33]R.O.Crummey,The Formation of Muscovy 1301–1617 (London,1987),pp.36,41.
1707501901
1707501902 [34]Ibid.,p.36ff.
1707501903
1707501904 [35]关于莫斯科的地位,参见W.H.Parker,An Historiacal Geography of Russia (London,1968)。
1707501905
1707501906 [36]关于波兰文艺复兴,参见N.Davies,God’s Playground:A History of Poland,vol.1:The Origins to 1795 (Oxford,1981),pp.148–152。
1707501907
1707501908 [37]D.Obolensky,‘Russia’s Byzantine Heritage’,见他编的Byzantium and the Slavs:Collected Studies (London,1971),p.99;N.Andreyev,Studies in Musscovy:Western Influence and Byzantine Inheritance (London,1970),pp.14,21;R.Wortman,Scenarios of Power:Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy,vol.1:From Peter the Great to the Death of Nicholas I (Princeton,1995),p.24。
1707501909
1707501910 [38]Billington,Icon,p.64.
1707501911
1707501912 [39]Ibid.,p.90.
1707501913
1707501914 [40]G.V.Lantzeff and R.A.Pierce,Eastward to Empire (Montreal and London,1973),pp.72,107,109.
1707501915
1707501916 [41]J.L.Wieczynski,The Russian Frontier:The Impact of Borderllands upon the Course of Early Russian History (Charlottesville,Va.,1976),p.77.
1707501917
1707501918 [42]在Nikolai Gogol的故事中了解大草原抒情诗般的描述,‘Taras Bulba’ (1835),in N.Gogol,Village Evenings near Dikanka and Mirgorod (英译本,Oxford,1994),p.257。
1707501919
1707501920 [43]对俄国向南方大草原军事推进困难的解释,参见W.C.Fuller,Strategy and Power in Russia,1600–1914 (New York,1992)。
1707501921
1707501922 [44]对俄国大草原扩张的一般评述,参见E.Keenan,‘Muscovy and Kazan:Some Introduction Remarks on the Pattern of Steppe Diplomacy’,Slavic Review 26,4 (1967),p.553,以及A.S.Donnelly,The Russian Conquest of Bashkiria 1552–1740 (New Haven and London,1968)。
1707501923
1707501924 [45]关于有益的参照,F.Barth,Nomands of South Persia (Oslo,1964),pp.106–111。
1707501925
1707501926 [46]Keenan,‘Muscovy and Kazan’,p.555.
1707501927
1707501928 [47]参见谨慎的结论,P.Bushkovitch,The Merchants of Muscovy 1580–1650 (Cambridge,1980),pp.93–101。
1707501929
1707501930 [48]M.Khodarkovsky,Where Two Worlds Meet (Ithaca,NY,1992),第3章。
1707501931
1707501932 [49]参见W.D.Allen (ed.),Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings (1589–1605),Hakluyt Society,2nd Series,138 (2 vols.,Cambridge,1970),vol.1,pp.69–71。
1707501933
1707501934 [50]沙皇通过册封土地或庄园换取贵族的服务。
1707501935
1707501936 [51]对此的解释,参见R.Hellie,Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy (Chicago and London,1971) and J.H.L.Keep,Soldiers of the Tsar (Oxford,1985),pp.47–48。
1707501937
1707501938 [52]Hellie,Enserfiment,p.164.
1707501939
1707501940 [53]Billington,Icon,pp.102–104.
1707501941
1707501942 [54]E.S.Forster (ed.),The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (Oxford,1927),pp.111–112.
1707501943
1707501944 [55]关于这场冲突的背景,参见Shai Har-El,The Struggle for Domination in the Middle East:The Ottoman-Mamluk War 1485–1491 (Leiden,1995)。
1707501945
1707501946 [56]Foster,Turkish Letters,p.112.
1707501947
1707501948 [57]到1528年,奥斯曼帝国拥有一支约87,000人的常备军。参见H.Inalcik,‘The Ottoman State:Economy and Society 1300–1600’,in H.Inalcik with D.Quataert (eds.),An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1914 (Cambridge,1994),p.88。
1707501949
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