1707501879
1707501880
[23]J.I.Israel，Race and Class in Colonial Mexico 1610–1670 (Oxford，1975)，p.8.
1707501881
1707501882
[24]Gruzinski，Conquest，p.152.
1707501883
1707501884
[25] F.F.Berdan，‘Trauma and Transition in Sixteenth-Century Central Mexico’，in Bray(ed.)，The Meeting of Two World，p.187.
1707501885
1707501886
[26]A.Hennessy，‘The Nature of the Conquest and the Conquistadors’，in Bray(ed.)，The Meeting of Two World，p.23.
1707501887
1707501888
[27]Gruzinski，Conquest，pp.176–187.
1707501889
1707501890
[28] Berdan，‘Trauma and Transition’，p.190.
1707501891
1707501892
[29]J.Lockhart，Spanish Peru 1532–1560：A Colonial Society (Madison，1968).
1707501893
1707501894
[30]Hennessy，‘Nature of the Conquest’，p.19.
1707501895
1707501896
[31]Ortega y Gasset，为R.H.Billington，The Icon and the Axe：An Interpretive History of Russian Culture (pbk edn，New York,1970)，p.71
1707501897
1707501898
[32]H.Birnbaum，‘The Balkan Slavic Component of Medieval Russian Culture ’，in H.Birnbaum and M.S.Flier (eds.)，Medieval Russian Culture (London，1984)，pp.3–30.
1707501899
1707501900
[33]R.O.Crummey，The Formation of Muscovy 1301–1617 (London，1987)，pp.36，41.
1707501901
1707501902
[34]Ibid.，p.36ff.
1707501903
1707501904
[35]关于莫斯科的地位，参见W.H.Parker，An Historiacal Geography of Russia (London，1968)。
1707501905
1707501906
[36]关于波兰文艺复兴，参见N.Davies，God’s Playground：A History of Poland，vol.1：The Origins to 1795 (Oxford，1981)，pp.148–152。
1707501907
1707501908
[37]D.Obolensky，‘Russia’s Byzantine Heritage’，见他编的Byzantium and the Slavs：Collected Studies (London，1971)，p.99;N.Andreyev，Studies in Musscovy：Western Influence and Byzantine Inheritance (London，1970)，pp.14，21;R.Wortman，Scenarios of Power：Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy，vol.1：From Peter the Great to the Death of Nicholas I (Princeton，1995)，p.24。
1707501909
1707501910
[38]Billington，Icon，p.64.
1707501911
1707501912
[39]Ibid.，p.90.
1707501913
1707501914
[40]G.V.Lantzeff and R.A.Pierce，Eastward to Empire (Montreal and London，1973)，pp.72，107，109.
1707501915
1707501916
[41]J.L.Wieczynski，The Russian Frontier：The Impact of Borderllands upon the Course of Early Russian History (Charlottesville，Va.，1976)，p.77.
1707501917
1707501918
[42]在Nikolai Gogol的故事中了解大草原抒情诗般的描述，‘Taras Bulba’ (1835)，in N.Gogol，Village Evenings near Dikanka and Mirgorod (英译本，Oxford，1994)，p.257。
1707501919
1707501920
[43]对俄国向南方大草原军事推进困难的解释，参见W.C.Fuller，Strategy and Power in Russia，1600–1914 (New York，1992)。
1707501921
1707501922
[44]对俄国大草原扩张的一般评述，参见E.Keenan，‘Muscovy and Kazan：Some Introduction Remarks on the Pattern of Steppe Diplomacy’，Slavic Review 26，4 (1967)，p.553，以及A.S.Donnelly，The Russian Conquest of Bashkiria 1552–1740 (New Haven and London，1968)。
1707501923
1707501924
[45]关于有益的参照，F.Barth，Nomands of South Persia (Oslo，1964)，pp.106–111。
1707501925
1707501926
[46]Keenan，‘Muscovy and Kazan’，p.555.
1707501927
1707501928
[47]参见谨慎的结论，P.Bushkovitch，The Merchants of Muscovy 1580–1650 (Cambridge，1980)，pp.93–101。
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