打字猴:1.70750195e+09
1707501950 [58]关于奥斯曼帝国的海上权力,参见P.Brummett,Ottoman Sea Power and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery (Albany,NY,1994)。
1707501951
1707501952 [59]Ibid.,p.174;A.Hess,‘The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of Oceanic Discoveries,1453–1525’,American Historical Review 75,7(1970),pp.201–222.
1707501953
1707501954 [60]P.F.Sugar,Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule 1354–1804 (London,1977),p.109.
1707501955
1707501956 [61] P.Mantran,La Vie quotidienne à Constantinople au temps de Soleiman le Magnifique et ses seccesseurs (Paris,1965),p.295.
1707501957
1707501958 [62]C.Kafadar,Between Two Worlds:The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley,Los Angeles and London,1995),p.153.
1707501959
1707501960 [63]Forster,Turkish Letters,pp.111–112.
1707501961
1707501962 [64]对奥斯曼帝国经济的相对成功一直有许多争论。悲观派观点有D.Goffman,Izmir and the Levantine World,1550–1650 (Seattle,1990) and B.Masters,The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East:Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo (New York,1988),并与下列这些相比照:S.Faroqui,‘In Search of Ottoman History’,in H.Berktay and S.Faroqui (eds.),New Approaches to State and Peasant in Ottoman History (London,1992),以及在S.Faroqui,‘Crisis and Change,1590–1699’,in Inalcik with Quataert (eds.),Ottoman Empire,pp.474–531中的讨论。
1707501963
1707501964 [65]在包税与商业化之间的关联,请参见H.Islamoglu-Inan,State and Peasant in the Ottoman Empire (Leiden,1994)。
1707501965
1707501966 [66]Rifa’at Ali Abou El-Haj,The Formation of the Modern State:The Ottoman Empire,Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries (Albany,NY,1991),p.10.
1707501967
1707501968 [67]这些冲突在W.D.Allen,Problems of Turkish Power in the Sixteenth Century (London,1963)中得到精辟的概述。
1707501969
1707501970 [68]关于一般环境情况,参见W.Barthold,An Historical Geography of Iran (Princeton,1984)。
1707501971
1707501972 [69]因每个士兵头戴深红色帽,上有12个黑色流苏或折角,以纪念什叶派的十二位伊玛目——译者注。萨非体制的重要特征是部落联盟的团结,它们把共同的忠诚奉献给伊斯兰什叶派宗教领袖,什叶派在伊朗高原占有支配地位。P.Jackson and W.Lockhart (eds.),The Cambridge History of Iran,vol.6:The Timurid and Safavid Periods (Cambridge,1986),pp.227–228.
1707501973
1707501974 [70]关于伊朗的什叶派穆斯林,H.Jalm.Shiism (Edinburgh,1991),pp.91ff。
1707501975
1707501976 [71]参见J.J.Reid,‘Tribalism and Society in Islamic Iran,1500–1629’,博士论文,加利福尼亚大学(洛杉矶分校),1978年。
1707501977
1707501978 [72]Jackson ad Lockhart,Cambridge History of Iran,pp.246,263。也请参考同一卷R.M.Savory撰写的关于萨非行政管理的章节。
1707501979
1707501980 [73]D.Navridi,‘Socio-Economic and Political Change in Safavid Iran in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’,博士论文,范德比尔特大学,1977年,pp.71ff。
1707501981
1707501982 [74]J.B.Tacernier,Voyage en Perse (Paris,1970),pp.251–252。Tavernier在1639年进行他的第一次访问,他的旅行记于1670年首次出版。
1707501983
1707501984 [75]Navridi,‘Safavid Iran’,p.168.
1707501985
1707501986 [76]J.Fryer,A New Account of East India and Persia,Being Nine Years’ Travels,1672–1681,ed.W.Crooke (3 vols.,London,1909–1915),vol.2,pp.246–250.
1707501987
1707501988 [77]在19世纪,伊朗人中约有1/3到一半是游牧人口和部落人口。A.Wink,AL-Hind:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World.vol.2:Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest,11th–13th Centuries (Leiden,1997),p.15。
1707501989
1707501990 [78]Halm,Shiism,pp.94–98.
1707501991
1707501992 [79]对巴布尔的起源和早年生涯,参见S.A.M.Adshead,Central Asia in World History (London,1993),pp.131ff。
1707501993
1707501994 [80]J.F.Richards,The Mughal Empire (Cambridge,1993),p.6.
1707501995
1707501996 [81]S.F.Dale,Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade 1600–1750 (Cambridge,1994),pp.6–7.
1707501997
1707501998 [82]Baburnama(纪念巴布尔),英译本,A.S.Beveridge (Delhi,1921,1989),pp.531–532。
1707501999
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