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[83]Richards,Mughal Empire,p.2.
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[84]R.M.Eaton,The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier 1204–1760 (London,1993),p.36.
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[85]关于埃米尔,参见Richards,Mughal Empire,p.19。
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[86]T.Raychaudhuri and I.Habib (eds.),The Cambridge Economic History of India,vol.1:c.1200–1750 (Cambridge,1982),p.184;Richards,Mughal Empire,p.66.
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[87]D.Streusand,The Formation of the Mughal Empire (Delhi,1989),p.71.
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[88]Raychaudhuri and Habib (eds.),Economic History,vol.1,p.266.。
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[89]Ibid.,p.130.
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[90]Ibid.,p.131.
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[91]F.C.R.Robinson,‘Perso-Islamic Culture in India from the 17th to the early 20th centuries’,R.L.Canfield (ed.),Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective (Cambridge,1991),pp.110–111.
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[92]Adshead,Central Asia,p.131.
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[93]参见Dale,Indian Merchants,pp.15,21;Raychaudhuri and Habib (eds.),Economic History,vol.1对莫卧儿经济的概述。
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[94]Tavernier注意到的至于法国或意大利的安全,参见Raychaudhuri and Habib (eds.),Economic History,vol.1。
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[95]关于这些方面,参见Ibid.,pp.288–301。
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[96]我把这种看法归功于David Washbrook的未发表的论文。
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[97]E.L.Farmer,Early Ming Government:The Evolution of Dual Capitals (Cambridge,Mass.,1976),p.19.
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[98]J.Dardess,‘The End of Yuan Rule in China’,in H.Franke and D.Twitchett (eds.),The Cambridge History of China,vol.6:Alien Regimes and Boarder States,907–1368 (Cambridge,1994),pp.581–582.
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[99]R.Huang,Taxation and Govvernmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China (Cambridge,1974),p.55.
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[100]Huang,Taxation and Finance,p.310.
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[101]关于明朝与帖木儿及其继承人的关系,见Joseph E.Fletcher,‘China and Central Asia,1368–1884’,in J.K.Fairbank (ed.),The Chinese World Order:Traditional China’s Foreign Relations (Cambridge,Mass.,1968)。
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[102]A.Waldron,The Great Wall:From History to Myth (Cambridge,1990)提供了对明晚期时皇帝的策略争论的精辟评论。
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[103]S.Jagchid and V.J.Symons,Peace,War and Trade along the Great Wall (Bloomington,Ind.,1989),p.86.
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[104]D.O.Flynn,‘Comparing the Tokugawa Shogunate and Hapsburg Spain’,in J.D.Tracy (ed.),The Rise of Merchant Empire (Cambridge,1990).
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[105]J.E.Wills,‘Maritime China from Wang Chih to Shih Lang’,in J.Spence and J.E.Wills (eds.),From Ming to Ch’ing (New Haven,1979),p.211.
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[106]参见A.Reid,‘An Age of Commerce in Southeast Asian History’,Modern Asian Studies,24,1 (1990),pp.9–10。
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[107]参见R.von Glahn,Fountain of Fortune:Money and Monetary Policy in China 1000–1700 (Berkeley,1997);F.W.Mote and D.Twitxhett (eds.),The Cambridge History of China,vol.7:Ming Dynasty 1368–1644,pt 1 (Cambridge,1988),pp.587–588;Reid,‘Age of Commence’,pp.10,21–23。
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