1707502000
[83]Richards，Mughal Empire，p.2.
1707502001
1707502002
[84]R.M.Eaton，The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier 1204–1760 (London，1993)，p.36.
1707502003
1707502004
[85]关于埃米尔，参见Richards，Mughal Empire，p.19。
1707502005
1707502006
[86]T.Raychaudhuri and I.Habib (eds.)，The Cambridge Economic History of India，vol.1：c.1200–1750 (Cambridge，1982)，p.184;Richards，Mughal Empire，p.66.
1707502007
1707502008
[87]D.Streusand，The Formation of the Mughal Empire (Delhi，1989)，p.71.
1707502009
1707502010
[88]Raychaudhuri and Habib (eds.)，Economic History，vol.1，p.266.。
1707502011
1707502012
[89]Ibid.，p.130.
1707502013
1707502014
[90]Ibid.，p.131.
1707502015
1707502016
[91]F.C.R.Robinson，‘Perso-Islamic Culture in India from the 17th to the early 20th centuries’，R.L.Canfield (ed.)，Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective (Cambridge，1991)，pp.110–111.
1707502017
1707502018
[92]Adshead，Central Asia，p.131.
1707502019
1707502020
[93]参见Dale，Indian Merchants，pp.15，21;Raychaudhuri and Habib (eds.)，Economic History，vol.1对莫卧儿经济的概述。
1707502021
1707502022
[94]Tavernier注意到的至于法国或意大利的安全，参见Raychaudhuri and Habib (eds.)，Economic History，vol.1。
1707502023
1707502024
[95]关于这些方面，参见Ibid.，pp.288–301。
1707502025
1707502026
[96]我把这种看法归功于David Washbrook的未发表的论文。
1707502027
1707502028
[97]E.L.Farmer，Early Ming Government：The Evolution of Dual Capitals (Cambridge，Mass.，1976)，p.19.
1707502029
1707502030
[98]J.Dardess，‘The End of Yuan Rule in China’，in H.Franke and D.Twitchett (eds.)，The Cambridge History of China，vol.6：Alien Regimes and Boarder States，907–1368 (Cambridge，1994)，pp.581–582.
1707502031
1707502032
[99]R.Huang，Taxation and Govvernmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China (Cambridge，1974)，p.55.
1707502033
1707502034
[100]Huang，Taxation and Finance，p.310.
1707502035
1707502036
[101]关于明朝与帖木儿及其继承人的关系，见Joseph E.Fletcher，‘China and Central Asia，1368–1884’，in J.K.Fairbank (ed.)，The Chinese World Order：Traditional China’s Foreign Relations (Cambridge，Mass.，1968)。
1707502037
1707502038
[102]A.Waldron，The Great Wall：From History to Myth (Cambridge，1990)提供了对明晚期时皇帝的策略争论的精辟评论。
1707502039
1707502040
[103]S.Jagchid and V.J.Symons，Peace，War and Trade along the Great Wall (Bloomington，Ind.，1989)，p.86.
1707502041
1707502042
[104]D.O.Flynn，‘Comparing the Tokugawa Shogunate and Hapsburg Spain’，in J.D.Tracy (ed.)，The Rise of Merchant Empire (Cambridge，1990).
1707502043
1707502044
[105]J.E.Wills，‘Maritime China from Wang Chih to Shih Lang’，in J.Spence and J.E.Wills (eds.)，From Ming to Ch’ing (New Haven，1979)，p.211.
1707502045
1707502046
[106]参见A.Reid，‘An Age of Commerce in Southeast Asian History’，Modern Asian Studies，24，1 (1990)，pp.9–10。
1707502047
1707502048
[107]参见R.von Glahn，Fountain of Fortune：Money and Monetary Policy in China 1000–1700 (Berkeley，1997);F.W.Mote and D.Twitxhett (eds.)，The Cambridge History of China，vol.7：Ming Dynasty 1368–1644，pt 1 (Cambridge，1988)，pp.587–588;Reid，‘Age of Commence’，pp.10，21–23。
1707502049
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.707502e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]