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[92]Adshead,Central Asia,p.131.
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[93]参见Dale,Indian Merchants,pp.15,21;Raychaudhuri and Habib (eds.),Economic History,vol.1对莫卧儿经济的概述。
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[94]Tavernier注意到的至于法国或意大利的安全,参见Raychaudhuri and Habib (eds.),Economic History,vol.1。
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[95]关于这些方面,参见Ibid.,pp.288–301。
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[96]我把这种看法归功于David Washbrook的未发表的论文。
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[97]E.L.Farmer,Early Ming Government:The Evolution of Dual Capitals (Cambridge,Mass.,1976),p.19.
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[98]J.Dardess,‘The End of Yuan Rule in China’,in H.Franke and D.Twitchett (eds.),The Cambridge History of China,vol.6:Alien Regimes and Boarder States,907–1368 (Cambridge,1994),pp.581–582.
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[99]R.Huang,Taxation and Govvernmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China (Cambridge,1974),p.55.
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[100]Huang,Taxation and Finance,p.310.
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[101]关于明朝与帖木儿及其继承人的关系,见Joseph E.Fletcher,‘China and Central Asia,1368–1884’,in J.K.Fairbank (ed.),The Chinese World Order:Traditional China’s Foreign Relations (Cambridge,Mass.,1968)。
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[102]A.Waldron,The Great Wall:From History to Myth (Cambridge,1990)提供了对明晚期时皇帝的策略争论的精辟评论。
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[103]S.Jagchid and V.J.Symons,Peace,War and Trade along the Great Wall (Bloomington,Ind.,1989),p.86.
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[104]D.O.Flynn,‘Comparing the Tokugawa Shogunate and Hapsburg Spain’,in J.D.Tracy (ed.),The Rise of Merchant Empire (Cambridge,1990).
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[105]J.E.Wills,‘Maritime China from Wang Chih to Shih Lang’,in J.Spence and J.E.Wills (eds.),From Ming to Ch’ing (New Haven,1979),p.211.
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[106]参见A.Reid,‘An Age of Commerce in Southeast Asian History’,Modern Asian Studies,24,1 (1990),pp.9–10。
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[107]参见R.von Glahn,Fountain of Fortune:Money and Monetary Policy in China 1000–1700 (Berkeley,1997);F.W.Mote and D.Twitxhett (eds.),The Cambridge History of China,vol.7:Ming Dynasty 1368–1644,pt 1 (Cambridge,1988),pp.587–588;Reid,‘Age of Commence’,pp.10,21–23。
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[108]J.W.Hall (ed.),The Cambridge History of Japan,vol.4:Early Modern Japan (Cambridge,1991),p.321.
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[109]参见M.Jansen,China in the Tokugawa World (Cambridge,Mass.,1992)。
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[110]参见Wills,‘Maritime China’。
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[111]Ibid.,p.244.
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[112]P.Burke,Tradition and Innovation in Resaissance Italy (pbk edn,London,1974),p.306.
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[113]见他的出版于1860年Basle的有着巨大影响的The Civilization of the Renaissance on Italy。然而,该书直到19世纪80年代才广为人知。
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[114]Jacob Burckhard,The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy (Eng.trans.London,1944),pt 1.
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[115]F.Braudel,The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World on the Age of Philip II (1966;英译本,2 vols.,London,1972–1973),vol.2,p.913.
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[116]参见G.Parker,The Grand Strategy of Philip II (London,1998)。
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